A STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER IN INCLINED REFLUX CONDENSERS

The condensation heat transfer in the inclined reflux condensers is investigated at various inclinations. A condensation heat transfer model is set up. The calculated values of the model agree well with the experimental data. Both the experimental data and the theoretical calculations show that the condensation heat transfer coefficient in the inclined reflux condensers varies with the inclinations and will be maximum when the inclination angle is about 10°.     

Filmwise Condensation Heat Transfer Enhancement with Dropwise and Filmwise Coexisting Condensation Surfaces

Six surfaces were prepared with defferent surface division patterns for the experimental investigationof steam condensation heat transfer characteristics for dropwise and filmwise coexisting(DFC)condensationsurfaces under atmospheric pressure Dropwise condensation(DWC)was promoted with an ultrathin polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)film,which was prepared by the dynamic ion-beam mixed implantation(DIMI)method.The results showed that the condensation phenomena at the intersection between the dropwise andfilmwise condensation regios were quite different for different relative positions of the dropwise and filmwisecondensation regions.The experimental results revealed that the condensation heat transfer characteristics werehighly influenced by the surface division number and the relative area ratio of the dropwise and filmwise conden-sation regions.The impact of thesc findings on heat transfer enhancement mechanism for condensation heattransfer is discussed in detail.     

循环流化床的沸腾传热

A model is proposed to predict boiling heat transfer coefficient in a three-phase circulating fluidized bed (CFB), which is a new type of evaporation boiling means for enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling. To verify the model, experiments are conducted in a stainless steel column with 39 mm ID and 2.0 m height, in which the heat transfer coefficient is measured for different superficial velocities, steam pressures, particle concentrations and materials of particle. As the steam pressure and particle concentrations increase, the heat transfer coefficient in the bed increases. The heat transfer coefficient increases with the liquid velocity but it exhibits a local minimum.The heat transfer coefficient is correlated with cluster renewed model and two-mechanism method. The prediction of the model is in good agreement with experimental data.     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

扭带管内高湿空气对流凝结换热三维数值模拟(英文)

A three-dimensional numerical model is presented for studying the convection-condensation of mixture with vapor in a tube with edgefold-twisted-tape inserts under transition flow.According to the diffusion layer theory and laminar species transport,a condensation model with user defined function is proposed and compared with heat and mass transfer analogy and experimental test.With the condensation model,the influences of gap width and op-erating parameters on thermal-hydrodynamics performance are simulated.As the gap width increases,convection and condensation heat transfer increase initially and then decrease,while convection heat transfer increases sharply and then decreases slightly.Increasing vapor fraction has a significant effect on condensation heat transfer but it has little effect on convective heat transfer.With the increase of inner wall temperature both convection and condensa-tion heat transfer all decrease and the ratio of condensation to total heat decrease dramatically.Increases inlet tem-perature mainly affects convection heat transfer.     

Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Rectangular Flat Plate by an Impinging Jet in Cross Flow

Experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer performance of an impinging jet in a cross flow. Several parameters including the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio （X=2%-8%）, the Reynolds number （Red=1434-5735） and the jet diameter （d=2-4 mm） were explored. The heat transfer enhancement factor was found to increase with the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio and the Reynolds number, but decrease with the jet diameter when other parameters maintain fixed. The presence of a cross flow was observed to degrade the heat transfer performance in respect to the effect of impinging jet to the target surface only. In addition, an impinging jet was confirmed to be capable of en-hancing the heat transfer process in considerable amplitude even though the jet was not designed to impinge on the target surface.     

Detailed kinetics of methylphenyldichlorosilane synthesis from methyldichlorosilane and chlorobenzene by gas phase condensation

Methylphenyldichlorosilane (MPDS, CH3C6H5SiCl2) is an important silicone monomer for the synthesis of high-performance polymethylphenylsiloxane polymers. In this work, the mechanism of the synthesis of MPDS from methyldichlorosilane and chlorobenzene by gas phase condensation was studied, and a kinetic model with 35 species and 58 elementary reactions was established. Experiments were carried out in a tubular reactor under a wide range of reaction conditions. The calculated mole fractions of the reactants and products were in a good agreement with the experimental results. A mechanism of the insertion of chloromethylsilylene into the C-Cl bond of chlorobenzene was proposed, which was proved to be the main pathway of MPDS production. The established kinetic model can be used in design and optimization of the industrial reactor for MPDS synthesis.     

考虑界面蒸发时的降液膜流动传热

The interfacial evaporative heat transfer was included in the semi-empirical study of the heat transfer for the falling liquid film flow. The investigations showed that, the inclusion of the interfacial evaporative heat transfer in the turbulent model would lower the predicted convective heat transfer coefficient. Predictions of the new model resulted in a prominent deviation from that predictions of the normal model in the case of large mass flow rate and low wall heat flux. This deviation will be decreased with increasing wall heat flux, such that it will be asymptotic zero at very high wall heat flux. Predictions of the new model agreed well with the current experimental measurements. This study has verified that the Reynolds number is not the sole crucial parameter for heat transferof falling liquid film flow, and wall heat flux will be another important independent parameter. This result is consistent with our previous studies.     

计算传质法预测精馏塔效率(英文)

A computational mass transfer model is proposed for predicting the concentration profile and Murphree efficiency of sieve tray distillation column. The proposed model is based on using modified two equations formulation for closing the differential turbulent mass transfer equation with improvement by considering the vapor injected from the sieve hole to be three dimensional. The predicted concentration distributions by using proposed model were checked by experimental work conducted on a sieve tray simulator of 1.2 meters in diameter for de-sorbing the dissolved oxygen in the feed water by blowing air. The model predictions were confirmed by the ex-perimental measurement. The validation of the proposed model was further tested by comparing the simulated re-sult with the performance of an industrial scale sieve tray distillation column reported by Kunesh et al. for the strip-ping of toluene from its water solution. The predicted outlet concentration of each tray and the Murphree tray effi-ciencies under different operating conditions were in agreement with the published data. The simulated turbulent mass transfer diffusivity on each tray was within the range of the experimental result in the same sieve column re-ported by Cai et al. In addition, the prediction of the influence of sieve tray structure on the tray efficiency by using the proposed model was demonstrated.     

Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in the Bubbling of Steam Entrained by Liquid Jets Falling through a Steam Medium and Plunging into a Liquid

The hydrodynamics and heat transfer are studied in a layer of subcooled water into which vertical liquid jets plunge from a steam medium above the liquid and entrain steam from the steam space. The studies are performed as applied to the operating conditions of direct-contact jet condensers and deaerators. An equation is obtained for calculating the heat transfer in the receiving layer in the case of complete condensation of steam entrained by jets.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 362–372.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Trofimov.     

Numerical investigation of influence of non-condensable gas on steam jet condensation

The influence of non-condensable gas on the direct contact condensing behavior and heat transfer characteristics of steam jet in subcooled water is investigated by two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model. Based on Euler-Euler two-fluid model in CFX, the steam condensation is calculated with thermal phase change model. The composition variation of steam-air mixture is realized using species transport equation for the gas phase. The gas mass flow at nozzle outlet is 300 kg/(m²·s), and non-condensable gas is within 15%. The results show that non-condensable gas obstructs the direct contact between steam and subcooled water, forming the thermal resistance and deteriorating the condensation heat transfer. The thermal resistance and the length of jet region increase with the increase of non-condensable gas. While the condensation rate decreases with the increase of non-condensable gas. The presence of non-condensable gas prevents vapor from being condensed completely, and the remaining vapor is independent of the original non-condensable gas.     

不凝气体对蒸汽射流冷凝影响的数值研究

通过二维轴对称数值模型研究了空气等不凝性气体对蒸汽射流与过冷水直接接触冷凝行为和传热特性的影响。采用CFX中的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,结合热相变模型计算蒸汽的冷凝量、组分传递模型计算混合气体中组分的变化量;喷嘴出口的气体质量流量为300 kg/(m²·s),不凝气体含量在15%以内。结果表明,不凝气体阻碍了蒸汽与过冷水直接接触,形成热阻,恶化了冷凝传热,且热阻随不凝气体含量增加而增加;冷凝速率随不凝气体含量增加而减小;射流区长度随不凝气体含量增加而增加;不凝气体的存在,使水蒸气不能被完全冷凝,而剩余水蒸气的含量与初始不凝气体含量无关。     

CFD analysis of flow pattern and heat transfer in direct contact steam condensation

Direct contact steam condensation used in steam jet injectors, and direct contact feed water heaters, has been studied using CFD simulations. Fairly good agreement has been obtained, with the available experimental data of plume length and the profiles of axial and radial temperature. Further, critical analyses have been carried out for all the published semi-empirical models and correlations. In addition, CFD analysis has been extended to examine the role of nozzle diameter and geometry, on heat transfer phenomenon which governs the direct contact steam condensation phenomenon. A new hydrodynamic model has been formulated which estimates the interfacial area available for condensation. A rational correlation has been developed for the estimation of interfacial area, expressed in terms of Nusselt number (Nu), Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr) and ratio of viscosity of steam and water.     

Experimental study on sonic steam jet condensation in quiescent subcooled water

Condensation heat transfer of sonic steam jet in subcooled water was investigated experimentally over a wide range of steam mass flux and water temperature. Four different steam plume shapes were observed in present test conditions, and condensation regime map was given based on steam mass flux and water temperature. Maximum expansion ratio and dimensionless penetration length of the steam jet were also obtained in the ranges of 1.04-2.20 and 2.86-14.60, respectively. Then the semi-empirical correlations were given to predict the expansion ratio and penetration length, the results showed good agreement between the predictions and experiments. Moreover, temperature fields in the steam plume and surrounding water were measured. Axial temperature distributions represented the four typical steam plumes, and variation of the axial temperature confirmed existence of expansion and compression waves. Finally, surface renewal model was adopted to predict condensation heat transfer coefficients, which were in the range of 0.98-1.45 MW/m² K and mainly dependent on the physical property and steam plume shape, including expansion angle, expansion ratio and penetration length.     

R22在水平双侧强化管外的凝结换热

由于世界能源紧张问题日益突出,以节约能源与材料消耗为主要目的,开发高效紧凑式换热器是传热界的重要研究课题．冷凝器作为制冷空调领域的重要设备,其换热效果对机组性能影响很大．因此,对传热强化研究具有重要的意义．国内外对水平管外制冷剂蒸气凝结强化进行了研究,已由早期的二维矩形、梯形低肋管发展到现在的三维强化管（如Thermoexeel-C管、Turbo-C管等）．本文对光管与两种水平双侧强化管（分别为二维低肋管与三维管）进行了R22蒸气在管外凝结换热的试验研究,     

阴极滤布对活性污泥电渗透脱水的影响(英文)

The mechanical dewatering of activated sludge is troublesome due to its high compressibility of solids. The dewatering can be enhanced dramatically by the use of electroosmosis,in which an electric field is applied to the sludge cake.In this study,the influence of filter cloth on the cathode on the dewatering of activated sludge was investigated.It was found that thicker filter cloth led to lower water removal from the sludge cake,so a stainless steel cathode net with small pore size instead of filter cloth was applied,which improves the dewatering efficiency and reduces the electric power consumption.Moreover,water absorbent materials were helpful to remove the water from the sludge cake.For the electroosmotic dewatering at 7 kPa and 24 V·cm-1,the water content in the sludge cake decreased to 60%(by mass) with the average 0.075 kW·h·kg-1of water removed by using the cathode net.     

L-半胱氨酸浓度对氧化还原电位和生物产氢过程的影响(英文)

The effects of L-cysteine concentration on biohydrogen production by Enterobacterium Bacterium M580 were investigated in batch cultivation.The experimental results showed that L-cysteine could enhance the cell growth,hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield when its concentration was less than 500 mg·L-1,while it had negative effects when its concentration was higher than 500 mg·L-1.The hydrogen production was the highest 1.29 mol·mol-1(H2/glucose) when 300 mg·L-1L-cysteine was added into the culture,and the yield was 9.4% higher than that in the control.The oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) ,which was influenced by L-cysteine,also affected hydrogen production.The ORP values were in the range-300 mV to-150 mV when the L-cysteine concentration was higher than 500 mg·L-1.Although the ORP in this range was favorable for hydrogen production,it was not suitable for the biomass growth.Hence,less hydrogen was produced.When the L-cysteine concentration was lower than 500 mg·L-1,the ORP was more suitable for both biomass growth and hydrogen production.In addition,at least 91%glucose was consumed when L-cysteine was added to the culture media,compared to the 97.37% consumption without L-cysteine added.     

多孔介质中水合物生成与分解的电阻率性质

A new one-dimensional system for resistivity measurement for natural gas hydrate (NGH) exploitation is designed, which is used to study the formation and decomposition processes of NGH.The experimental results verify the feasibility of the measurement method, especially in monitoring the nucleation and growth of the NGH.Isovolumetric formation experiment of NGH is performed at 2 ℃ and 7.8 MPa.Before the NGH formation, the ini-tial resistivity is measured to be 4-7 Ω·m, which declines to the minimum value of 2-3 Ω·m when NGH begins to nucleate after the pressure is reduced to 3.3 MPa.As the NGH grows, the resistivity increases to a great extent, and finally it keeps at 11-13 Ω·m, indicating the completion of the formation process.The NGH decomposition ex-periment is then performed.When the outlet pressure decreases, NGH begins to decompose, accordingly, the resis-tivity declines gradually, and is at 5-9 Ω·m when the decomposition process ends, which is slightly higher than the resistivity value before the formation of NGH.The occurrence and distribution uniformity of NGH are determined by the distribution and magnitude of the resistivity measured on an one-dimensional sand-packed model.This study tackles the accurate estimation for the distribution of NGH in porous medium, and provides an experimental basis for further study on NGH exploitation in the future.     

用超声波研究不同温度下4-氨基丁酸在硫酸柳丁氨醇水溶液中的性质(英文)

Ultrasonic speeds of 4-aminobutyric acid in 0.0041,0.0125 and 0.0207 mol·kg-1 aqueous salbutamol sulphate(SBS) solutions are measured at 308.15,313.15 and 318.15 K.Isentropic compressibility kS,change in isentropic compressibility△k S,relative change in isentropic compressibility( 0 S S △k /k) ,apparent molal compressibility kφ,limiting apparent molal compressibility k0 φ,transfer limiting apparent molal compressibility k0 φ,hydration number nH,pair and triplet interaction parameters kAS,kASS are estimated.The above parameters are used to interpret the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions of 4-aminobutyric acid in the aqueous salbutamol sulphate solutions.