Scattering center parameterization of wide-angle backscattered datausing adaptive Gaussian representation

We present a scattering center extraction algorithm to parameterize the backscattered data from complex targets collected over large angular apertures. This parameterization is based on a scattering center model of the target, but includes an aspect-dependent amplitude function for each scattering center. A two-dimensional (2-D) adaptive Gaussian representation (AGR) algorithm is used to extract the position and the amplitude function associated with each scattering center. The algorithm is tested with data generated by the Xpatch radar simulation code as well as chamber measurement data. The results show that a very good compression ratio can be achieved, resulting in a compact scattering center model of the target. Once such model is available, we can easily reconstruct range profiles and ISAR images at any aspect on the same plane with good accuracy     

基于散射中心的风电机叶片散射电场求解

为降低雷达系统的数据处理量及实现风电机实时目标特征识别,必须寻求风电机叶片散射电场的快速求解方法。针对传统电磁求解算法需处理巨量风电机叶片散射电场数据的问题,突破传统以超大电尺寸目标实体为基本单元进行广域空间电磁散射积分计算的思想,提出了一种基于散射中心的风电机叶片散射电场求解方法。基于非衰减指数和散射中心模型,通过距离-多普勒算法构建风电机叶片的雷达逆合成孔径图像,采用CLEAN 算法并结合相关系数提取风电机叶片的散射中心参数集,最终以散射中心产生的散射电场数据等效替代叶片本体的全部散射数据,实现了叶片散射电场的快速求解。以Vestas V82-1.65MW 型风电机为例,以矩量法计算结果为基准,文中所提方法计算准确度为93.20%,数据的压缩比达76.81,计算量的数量级比矩量法降低了106。     

Estimating the time-delay and frequency decay parameter ofscattering components using a modified MUSIC algorithm

A superresolution technique to determine the time-delay and frequency response of individual components of electromagnetic scattering is presented. A modification of the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is proposed for the data model which includes scattering components with frequency dependent amplitudes. The modified technique is based on pre-multiplying the scattering data by the inverse of an assumed frequency dependence parameterized by a variable α. Estimates of α are then obtained by considering the roots of the root-MUSIC polynomial for various α. The algorithm is tested for simulated and experimental compact range data. For the example of measured scattering from a diagonal flat plate, different decay parameters corresponding to the single and double diffraction components are determined using the new algorithm     

On the superresolution identification of observables fromswept-frequency scattering data

A superresolution signal processing algorithm is used for the identification of wavefronts from the fields scattered from several canonical targets. Particular wave objects that are examined are single and multiple edge diffraction, scattering from flat and curved surfaces, cone diffraction, and creeping waves. The scattering data are computed numerically via the method of moments (MoM) and are processed using a modified matrix-pencil algorithm. General properties of superresolution processing of such data-independent of the particular algorithm used-are assessed through an examination of the Cramer-Rao (C-R) bounds for basic scattering scenarios     

激光测高卫星大气散射延迟改正现状及展望

激光测高卫星可以在大范围内获得亚米甚至厘米级的地表高程信息,但不可避免受云、气溶胶等粒子引起的散射影响,其中前向散射引起的激光测距和最终测高误差不容忽视。文中系统梳理激光测高卫星大气散射误差改正技术,介绍了国内外卫星激光测高系统参数、大气探测及散射改正算法,有别于已有的蒙特卡洛模拟改正方法,提出了一种基于指数函数模型的大气散射改正算法,选择青海湖等区域的ICESat/GLAS开展试验,结果表明,光学厚度小于2时能有效提升受大气散射影响的数据精度,同时提升数据可利用率约9%,该算法更易于实现业务化应用。最后针对大气参数同步探测的必要性,结合星载大气参数探测设备对后续国产激光测高卫星大气散射改正提出了若干建议。     

A fast physical optics (FPO) algorithm for high frequency scattering

A novel algorithm referred as the fast physical optics (FPO) for computing the back-scattered field over a range of aspect angles and frequencies is presented. The computation is performed in the framework of the conventional physical optics approximation appropriate for the high frequency scattering regime. The proposed algorithm is, also, directly applicable to fixed angle bistatic configurations and a variety of single scattering formulations. The method comprises two steps. First, a decomposition of the scatterer into subdomains and computation of the pertinent scattering characteristics of each subdomain. Second, interpolation, phase-correction and aggregation of the scattering patterns of the subdomains into the final pattern of the whole body. A multilevel algorithm is formulated via a recursive application of the domain decomposition and aggregation steps. The computational structure of the multilevel algorithm resembles that of the FFT. The proposed method is especially suited for generation of synthetic data for radar imaging simulation.     

Target identification with wave-based matched pursuits and hiddenMarkov models

The method of matched pursuits is an algorithm by which a waveform is parsed into its fundamental constituents here, in the context of short-pulse electromagnetic scattering, wavefronts, and resonances (constituting what we have called wave-based matched pursuits). The wave-based matched-pursuits algorithm is used to develop a codebook of features that are representative of time-domain scattering from a target of interest, accounting for the variability of such as a function of target-sensor orientation. This codebook is subsequently used in the context of a hidden Markov model (HMM) in which the probability of measuring a particular codebook element is quantified as a function of target-sensor orientation. We review the wave-based matched-pursuits algorithm and its use in the context of an HMM (for target identification). Finally, this new wave-based signal processing algorithm is demonstrated with simulated scattering data, with additive noise     

Reconstruction of multilayered lossy dielectrics from one-sidedplane wave impulse reflection responses: the bistatic case

Motivated by numerous scattering problems where the media is lossy and yet can only be investigated from a single side, the authors discuss algorithms for reconstructing a lossy, stratified dielectric from one-sided plane wave impulse reflection responses. Novel features of these algorithms include: 1) solving the lossy media problem using only one-sided reflection response data; 2) exploiting oblique probing angles; 3) having origins in digital signal processing (DSP) theory; 4) employing fast algorithms that have been modified to solve the forward scattering problem; and 5) solving the scattering problems exactly, including accounting for multiple reflections. A new algorithm is introduced that reconstructs such a media from one-sided transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) impulsive plane wave reflection responses from a single oblique angle. The oblique-probing angle necessitates a bistatic measurement configuration. New probing constraints are developed for a previously presented algorithm based on probing at two angles of incidence. Algorithm stability and data correction are addressed. Numerical examples illustrate the new algorithm in synthesizing the media transient response and reconstructing the media     

Implementation and application of resistive sheet boundarycondition in the finite-difference time-domain method [EM scattering]

Use of a resistive sheet boundary condition in the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) analysis of scattering problems involving a resistively coated dielectric object is described. An algorithm is introduced through an analysis of E-polarized scattering from a thin resistive strip. For a given resistance, numerical experiments indicate that algorithm stability is ensured for time sampling intervals chosen according to a specific criterion. Validity of the resultant FDTD method is verified in a comparison of computed E-polarized scattering data for several resistive strips with existing data. Results on the E-polarized scattering behaviour of a resistively coated dielectric strip as a function of surface resistances and angle of incidence are also presented. Extension to the H-polarized case and application of the present method to pulsed problems are briefly discussed     

Radiometric slope correction of synthetic-aperture radar images

The brightness in a SAR image is affected by topographic height variations due to (1) the projection between ground and image coordinates, and (2) variations in backscattering coefficient with the local scattering geometry. This paper derives a new equation for (1), i.e. the radiometric slope correction, based on a calibration equation which is invariant under a coordinate transformation. An algorithm is described to obtain the slope correction from a SAR interferogram, which also enables retrieval of the full scattering geometry. Since the SAR image and interferogram are derived from the same data set, there is no need to match the image with the calibration data. There is also no need for phase unwrapping since the algorithm only uses the fringe frequencies. A maximum-likelihood estimator for the fringe frequency is analyzed and the algorithm is illustrated by processing ERS-1 SAR data. The example demonstrates that the spatial resolution and calibration error are adequate for most applications     

Unsupervised terrain classification preserving polarimetric scattering characteristics

In this paper, we proposed an unsupervised terrain and land-use classification algorithm using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data. Unlike other algorithms that classify pixels statistically and ignore their scattering characteristics, this algorithm not only uses a statistical classifier, but also preserves the purity of dominant polarimetric scattering properties. This algorithm uses a combination of a scattering model-based decomposition developed by Freeman and Durden and the maximum-likelihood classifier based on the complex Wishart distribution. The first step is to apply the Freeman and Durden decomposition to divide pixels into three scattering categories: surface scattering, volume scattering, and double-bounce scattering. To preserve the purity of scattering characteristics, pixels in a scattering category are restricted to be classified with other pixels in the same scattering category. An efficient and effective class initialization scheme is also devised to initially merge clusters from many small clusters in each scattering category by applying a merge criterion developed based on the Wishart distance measure. Then, the iterative Wishart classifier is applied. The stability in convergence is much superior to that of the previous algorithm using the entropy/anisotropy/Wishart classifier. Finally, an automated color rendering scheme is proposed, based on the classes' scattering category to code the pixels to resemble their natural color. This algorithm is also flexible and computationally efficient. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's AIRSAR and the German Aerospace Center's (DLR) E-SAR L-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar images.     

三维属性散射中心系数的多项式模型

为了解决多角度SAR数据三维属性散射中心提取中出现的散射系数函数形式未知、数据量大的问题,提出了一种对散射系数进行参数化建模的方法.这种建模方法在忽略雷达频率对散射系数的影响的前提下,首先根据散射系数幅度分段,然后在段内利用二维多项式进行建模.通过仿真实验验证,该方法简单易行,通过参数化模型恢复的图像,和原始图像有很高的相似度.不过,这种方法不能应用于延展型属性散射中心,需要在下一步的工作中继续进行研究.     

Sparse parameterisation of electromagnetic scattering data using genetic algorithm with adaptive feeding

A method is presented to parameterise scattering data from complex targets. Based on a global model with both scattering centres and resonances, a genetic algorithm with adaptive feeding is proposed for a sparse representation. The algorithm is tested with measurement data and shows better performance than non-global parameterisation methods.     

全极化散射中心提取与参数估计:P-ESPRIT方法

该文提出了一种新的全极化散射中心提取与参数估计方法:P-ESPRIT方法。该方法是一种极化和超分辨联合处理方法,不仅实现了对各极化通道散射中心的数目、位置、强度以及归一化极化散射矩阵等参量的同时估计,而且充分利用了目标全极化信息,提高了散射中心提取与参数估计的精度。与MUSIC, ML等超分辨方法相比,P-ESPRIT不需要进行搜索,因此它还具有实时性高的优点。基于仿真和实测数据的实验结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

A fast multistream scattering-based Jacobian for microwave radiance assimilation

The full utilization of satellite-based passive microwave imagery for weather forecasting rests on the ability to assimilate radiances into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models for highly scattering and absorbing hydrometeor states. State vector updates need to be performed rapidly enough to maintain pace with the sensor data stream and require, in particular, rapid calculation of the tangent linear relationship (Jacobian) between the observed antenna temperatures and the NWP prognostic hydrometeor parameters. To facilitate the use of both spaceborne and airborne passive microwave data in numerical forecasting, we present a new rapid multiple-stream discrete-ordinate algorithm for calculating the Jacobian under arbitrary scattering and absorbing conditions. The algorithm is based on the layer-adding method for a plane-parallel atmosphere for which the number of operations required to compute the solution is proportional to the number of layers. A nontrivial aspect of the problem is the stable calculation of the reflectance and transmittance operators in highly scattering layers for which a diagonalization technique and analytical factorization of specific matrices are used to ensure stability. Scaling calculations suggest that the new algorithm will be suitable for use in real-time all-weather microwave radiance assimilation.     

基于电磁散射模型的ISAR空中目标欺骗干扰方法

该文提出一种基于目标电磁散射模型的逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)空中目标欺骗干扰算法,利用目标电磁散射模型对雷达回波进行调制,能够模拟遮挡、多次散射等目标散射特征,并包含目标的平动、姿态等运动特性,保证了虚假目标的逼真性。该算法计算量小,具有较强的实时性。通过仿真试验验证了欺骗干扰算法的有效性,并对算法的计算复杂性进行了分析。     

极化雷达图像目标相干系数判据的检测研究

由理想目标散射矢量与待识目标散射矢量的相干系数判据,对待识目标进行检测与同类识别. 利用复旦大学电磁波信息科学教育部重点实验室的散射计算软件BART进行理想目标极化散射计算,构造目标散射矢量,并进行合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)成像模拟. 以此目标成像模拟数据作为目标识别样本,对全极化系统Pi-SAR观测海面养殖箱的成像数据,研究其相干系数判据的检测与识别. 结果表明该方法是有效的.       

Microwave inverse scattering - local shape function imaging forimproved resolution of strong scatterers

Local shape function imaging uses far-field microwave scattering data to reconstruct the presence or absence of small metal cylinders throughout space, in order to model arbitrary metallic objects. The reconstructed images represent the scattering amplitude at discrete locations in space with multiple scattering effects incorporated. Super-resolution is demonstrated for monochromatic image reconstructions. Even better reconstructions are obtained with multiple frequency data. The speed of computation is increased with a fast forward solver algorithm. Also, measured data is used in the local shape function imaging algorithm and the resolution is improved over diffraction tomography     

Electromagnetic inverse scattering of two-dimensional perfectlyconducting objects by real-coded genetic algorithm

Shape reconstruction of two-dimensional perfectly conducting objects using noisy measured scattering data is considered. The contour of each conducting object is denoted by a shape function in the local polar coordinate which is approximated by a trigonometric series. A point-matching method is used to solve the scattering problem. The main idea of the inversion algorithm is to cast the inverse problem into a restrained minimization problem and to solve it by the real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA). The performance of this algorithm is demonstrated by numerically reconstructing arbitrarily shaped objects and by a detailed comparison with both the standard genetic algorithm (SGA) and the Newton-Kantorovitch method     

基于强散射点在线估计的距离扩展目标检测方法

传统的距离扩展目标检测一般在散射点密度或散射点数量先验条件下完成,在目标散射点信息完全未知时检测性能会大幅降低。针对这个问题,该文提出一种基于强散射点在线估计的距离扩展目标检测方法(OESS-RSTD),该方法利用机器学习中的无监督聚类算法在线估计强散射点数量以及首次检测门限,然后再结合虚警率,确定2次检测门限,最后通过两次门限检测完成目标有无的判决。该文分别利用仿真数据和实测数据进行了试验验证,并和其他算法进行了试验对比,通过虚警概率一定时的信噪比(SNR)-检测概率曲线验证了该文所提方法相对于传统算法有更高的稳健性,且该方法不需要目标散射点的任何先验信息。