工艺文件的计算机辅助管理

1 前言 工艺文件是企业组织生产、指导生产操作、进行生产管理和经济核算的重要技术依据。工艺文件质量的高低,将直接影响着产品质量。我厂是一个产品制造与柴油机大修厂,工艺文件主要有工艺台帐、机械加工工艺、工艺装备明细表、材料消耗工艺定额明细表,柴油机大修有解体工艺、清洗工艺、鉴定工艺、修理工艺、装配工艺等,各种工艺大部分是文字性的文件。     

机械加工工艺计算机辅助设计系统的开发

传统的工艺设计是一个对标准工艺进行分析、改善和发展的过程。工艺过程设计的人工管理对工艺设计的发展造成诸不便，诸如：同类零件工艺多样性、填写工艺文件重复工作量大等。机械加工工艺计算机辅助设计系统 重点主浊从各个方面帮助工艺人员填写工艺卡片，减少重复劳动，是一个集设计与管理于一体的功能模块，为广大工艺人员了一套方便、实用而且符合工艺设计习惯和国家有关标准的辅助设计工具。     

机械加工工艺计算机辅助设计系统的开发

传统的工艺设计是一个对标准工艺进行分析、改善和发展的过程。工艺过程设计的人工管理对工艺设计的发展造成诸多不便,诸如:同类零件工艺多样性、填写工艺文件重复工作量大等。机械加工工艺计算机辅助设计系统(以下简称YBCAPP)工作的重点就是从各个方面帮助工艺人员填写工艺卡片,减少重复劳动,是一个集设计与管理于一体的功能模块,为广大工艺人员提供了一套方便、实用而且符合工艺设计习惯和国家有关标准的辅助设计工具。     

Consteel电弧炉炼钢工艺节能降耗特点分析

Consteel炼钢工艺是一种节能效果明显的电弧炉炼钢新工艺，为了促进这种工艺在我国的发展，以及为该工艺的研发，实施提供可靠的理论依据，从工艺特点出发，对该工艺节能降耗的特点进行了全面分析。分析结果表明，Consteel工艺是一种综合能耗低，综合效益好的炼钢工艺。同时指明了该工艺获得全面节能降耗效果的核心工艺条件。     

Midrex气基直接还原工艺的发展

对Midrex气基直接还原工艺及其发展历程进行了介绍,随着工艺的发展,Midrex工艺的生产率逐步提高.对Midrex工艺的多样性进行了阐述,随着工艺多样性的发展,Midrex工艺能够满足用户的不同需求.     

柴油机大修工艺的计算机辅助管理

0 前言 我厂是一个柴油机大修厂,柴油机大修工艺配套齐全,主要有解体工艺、清洗工艺、鉴定工艺,装配工艺、试车工艺。各种工艺大部分是文字性的文件,工艺质量的好坏,直接影响柴油机的修理质量、生产效率和修理成本。 传统的工艺管理,完全是人工管理方式,需要抄写大量的文字。这种方式的缺点是文字抄写工作费时、费力、易疲劳、不标准、不规范,而且容易出错。针对这种情况,我们开发了柴油机大修工艺管理系统。已经过实际检验,现在以鉴定工艺为例介绍如下:     

大型汽轮机制造工艺重用知识描述与获取技术

针对大型汽轮机制造工艺知识重用的特点，提出了基于数据挖掘技术的汽轮机制造工艺重用知识库的概念，详细阐述了制造工艺重用知识库的组成和特点，比较了制造工艺重用知识库和决策型工艺知识库的区别，并基于数据挖掘技术讨论了各种工艺重用知识的自动获取方法及相关技术。原型系统的研究表明应用数据挖掘技术从工艺数据库中获取工艺重用知识有较强的实用价值。     

序列模式中知识发现问题描述与知识发现方法研究

知识发现是一种从数据中挖掘知识的技术，从工艺数据库中进行数据挖掘来构造工艺知识库是典型的数据库中的知识发现问题。文章在建立基于工艺元的典型工艺信息组织模式的基础上，应用数据挖掘技术研究了从工艺数据库中获取工艺元知识的方法。采用文本聚类的思想扫描工艺数据库，将数据库中工艺描述划分为不同的类提取出常用工艺语句并设计了相应的处理方法，基于A研。一算法设计了A研ori—seq算法对工艺规程序列进行挖掘获取工艺元。在原理方法研究的基础上，开发出在制造工艺序列数据中进行知识发现的原型系统，应用表明该文的研究方法有较高的知识发现效率。     

Texaco和Shell煤气化工艺用于生产甲醇的经济性比较

新一代煤气流床气化工艺主要以Texaco水煤浆气化工艺和Shell干煤粉气化工艺为代表。Shell煤气化工艺操作温度可达1700℃,对煤种适应性高,碳转化率达99％以上。Texaco煤气化工艺的碳转化率为96％～98％。生产每吨甲醇,Shell气化工艺的煤耗量为1．25～1．28t,Texaco气化工艺为1．31～1．40t;Shell气化工艺的氧耗量比Texaco工艺低15％～25％;Shell工艺的总能耗（包括原料煤在内1为51．981GJ,比Texaco工艺低11．21GJ。然而,Shell煤气化工艺的投资高,以60×10^4t／a甲醇装置为例,Shell工艺的总投资为109242万元,Texaco工艺为85444万元：采用Shell工艺生产的甲醇总成本为1373元／t,比Texaco工艺的1277元／t高出约7．5％。同时,Shell工艺装置工业运行稳定性还需要进一步经工业化验证,而Texaco气化工艺在国内已有十几年的生产使用经验,其操作稳定性很高。通过总体经济性比较,在用于甲醇生产时,Shell煤气化工艺相对于Texaco煤气化工艺是没有优势的。     

CIMS环境下工艺设计与过程管理集成系统的研制

结合东方汽轮机厂的CIMS工程项目网络化工艺设计与过程管理集成系统的研制，提出了CIMS环境下面向产品及管理的制造工艺集成系统的集成模型，它根据用户权限的不同，在工艺设计部门，采用C／S模式，利用PDM思想，集工艺设计、资源管理，文档民工艺管理为一体，实现工艺设计和管理的计算机和信息化，在工艺设计部门以外与工艺工作有关的所有部门，采用B／S模式，实现共享工艺信息的集成工艺信息处理系统。整个系统按功能划分成5个集成单元，对各个集成单元的关键技术进行了分析和描述成功应用于开发实践。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

A study on the intercepted insolation as a function of slope and azimuth of the surface

Monthly average daily global radiation on surfaces tilted towards the equator and also inclined at various azimuth angels are estimated for three locations in the Southern African region from reported global and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface. The anisotropic model suggested by Hay is used in obtaining daily radiation at various slopes and orientations. Total annual radiation data are also computed for various tilt and azimuth angles and optimum tilt and azimuth angels corresponding to maximum insolation are obtained for winter, summer and annual collection. The optimum tilt and orientation reported here show some variation from those reported earlier by other investigators and the results are discussed.     

Semi-analytical method for heat and moisture transfer in packed bed of silica gel

A semi-analytical model for the heat and mass transfer of adsorption and desorption processes of the vertical solid desiccant packed bed dehumidifier is presented on the basis of quasi-steady state assumption, and is solved using close form integration with the limits equivalent to bed and time increments, and numerically by Runge-Kutta Fehlberg and forward scheme finite difference techniques. The most important parameters during the dehumidifier operation, namely, (i) exit air temperature and humidity, (ii) axial temperature distribution in the bed and (iii) water content are evaluated. Stability of the semi-analytical method is investigated and found that the main parameters affecting the model stability are the bed and time increments size. A dimensionless parameter combining time and bed increments size and air velocity named velocity ratio is defined and investigated. It is found that when the velocity ratio equals the ratio of particle diameter to bed length, the method is stable, and as the velocity ratio is made smaller beyond the stable velocity ratio, the results remain unchanged. The results of semi-analytical and numerical models agree well with the experimental results for both desorption and adsorption processes. Using the proposed semi-analytical model, the minimum and maximum relative errors for exit air temperature are 2.24% and 11.78%, respectively and for exit air humidity the minimum and maximum errors are 3.79% and 27.17% respectively.     

Operating conditions of an open and direct solar thermal Brayton cycle with optimised cavity receiver and recuperator

The small-scale open and direct solar thermal Brayton cycle with recuperator has several advantages, including low cost, low operation and maintenance costs and it is highly recommended. The main disadvantages of this cycle are the pressure losses in the recuperator and receiver, turbomachine efficiencies and recuperator effectiveness, which limit the net power output of such a system. The irreversibilities of the solar thermal Brayton cycle are mainly due to heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and fluid friction. In this paper, thermodynamic optimisation is applied to concentrate on these disadvantages in order to optimise the receiver and recuperator and to maximise the net power output of the system at various steady-state conditions, limited to various constraints. The effects of wind, receiver inclination, rim angle, atmospheric temperature and pressure, recuperator height, solar irradiance and concentration ratio on the optimum geometries and performance were investigated. The dynamic trajectory optimisation method was applied. Operating points of a standard micro-turbine operating at its highest compressor efficiency and a parabolic dish concentrator diameter of 16 m were considered. The optimum geometries, minimum irreversibility rates and maximum receiver surface temperatures of the optimised systems are shown. For an environment with specific conditions and constraints, there exists an optimum receiver and recuperator geometry so that the system produces maximum net power output.     

地热流体的腐蚀与结垢控制现状

在地热发电或直接利用过程中,与地热流体（液体或蒸汽）接触的设备、管道或管件存在着腐蚀和结垢现象,往往成为地热开发利用的技术瓶颈。因此,开展地热流体的腐蚀与结垢控制技术研究至关重要。本文主要分析了近年来国内外在地热流体的腐蚀和结垢控制方面的研究进展,包括选材、涂层、流体预处理、化学添加剂等控制方法,并提出了进一步的研究方向,包括全面的地热流体腐蚀结垢趋势预测及地球化学模拟,结垢机理研究,涂层和基底的结合力和耐久性研究,阴极保护以及复合控制方法开发等。     

A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.     

Expert networks as science-policy interlocutors in the implementation of a monitoring reporting and verification (MRV) system

The Paris Agreement, which entered into effect in 2016, emphasizes a definite timeline for communicating and maintaining successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it plans to achieve in addressing climate change. This calls for the development of a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system and a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT). Though such actions are universally accepted by the Parties to the Paris Agreement, earlier studies have shown that there remain technological, social, political and financial constrains which will affect the development and deployment of such a system. In this paper, using a case study on MRV implementation in Bogor City in Indonesia, how the above-mentioned challenges can be overcome is outlined through a technological and policy innovation process where scientists and technologists (collectively referred as expert networks) can join hands with local governments and national policy makers in designing, development and implementation of an MRV system that meets the local, national and global requirements. Through the case study it is further observed that expert networks can act as interactive knowledge generators and policy interlocutors in bridging technology with policy. To be specific, first, a brief history of the international context of MRV and CBIT is outlined. Next, the theoretical underpinning of the study is contextualized within the existing theories related to public policy and international relations. Finally, the case study is outlined and investigated where the engagement of an expert-network and policy makers in the design, development and implementation of an MRV tool is showcased.     

气缸盖机械加工工艺技术关键分析

结合近年来国内外内燃机行业发展的新趋势和工作实践，对结构复杂的气缸盖机械加工提出了进、排气门座圈锥面与导管孔的加工是其工艺技术关键，从定位方式、基准选择、气门座底孔与导管孔底孔的加工，气门座圈锥面加工方式和导管孔的加工方式等方面进行了探讨和分析。     

Biotechnology in petroleum recovery: The microbial EOR

Biotechnology has played a significant role in enhancing crude oil recovery from the depleted oil reservoirs to solve stagnant petroleum production, after a three-stage recovery process employing mechanical, physical and chemical methods. Biotechnologically enhanced oil recovery processes, known as microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), involve stimulating indigenous reservoir microbes or injecting specially selected consortia of natural bacteria into the reservoir to produce specific metabolic events that lead to improved oil recovery. This also involves flooding with oil recovery agents produced ex situ by industrial or pilot scale fermentation. This paper essentially reviews the operating mechanisms and the progress made in enhanced oil recovery through the use of microbes and their metabolic products. Improvement in oil recovery by injecting solvents and gases or by energizing the reservoir microflora to produce them in situ for carbonate rock dissolution and reservoir re-pressurization has been enunciated. The role of biosurfactants in oil mobilization through emulsification and that of biopolymers for selective plugging of oil-depleted zones and for biofilm formation have been delineated. The spoil sport played by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in MEOR has also been briefly reviewed. The importance of mathematical models used in predicting the applicability of an MEOR strategy and the microbial growth and transport has been qualitatively discussed. The results of some laboratory studies and worldwide field trials applying ex situ and in situ MEOR technologies were compiled and interpreted. However, the potential of the MEOR technologies has not been fully realized due to poor yield of the useful microbial metabolic products, growth inhibition by accumulated toxic metabolites and longer time of incubation. A complete evaluation and assessment of MEOR from an engineering standpoint based on economics, applicability and performance is required to further improve the process efficiency for writing more success stories. Thus, this review attempts to address almost all the issues concerning the MEOR, its past and recent trends and its future prospect and directions.     

Ultrasound-enhanced conversion of biomass to biofuels

Two important challenges need to be addressed to realize a practical biorefinery for the conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals: (i) effective methods for the degradation and fractionation of lignocelluloses and (ii) efficient and robust chemical methods for the conversion of bio-feeds to target products via highly selective catalytic reactions. Ultrasonic energy promotes the pretreatment and conversion process through its special cavitational effects. In this review, recent progress and methods for combining and integrating sonication into biomass pretreatment and conversion for fuels and chemicals are critically assessed. Ultrasonic energy combined with proper solvents allows destruction of the recalcitrant lignocellulosic structure, fractionation of biomass components, and then assists many thermochemical and biochemical reactions, with increased equilibrium yields of sugars, bio-ethanol and gas products by 10–300%. Sonication promotes hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification in biodiesel synthesis and leads to reduced reaction time by 50–80%, lower reaction temperature, less amounts of solvent and catalyst than comparable unsonicated reaction systems. For algal biomass, sonication benefits the disruption, lysis and content release of macro and microalgae cells, and reduces the time required for subsequent extraction and chemical/biochemical reactions, with efficiencies typically being improved by 120–200%. High-frequency ultrasound of 1–3 MHz allows harvesting of microalgae, liquid product separation and in-situ process monitoring of biomass reactions, while high-intensity ultrasound at 20–50 kHz activates heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis of the biomass reactions. The use of ultrasound in conversion of biomass to biofuels provides a positive process benefit.