粉末冶金TA7 ELI合金的制备及其界面反应层

采用Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI (TA7 ELI)洁净预合金粉末通过热等静压(HIP)致密化工艺制备TA7 ELI合金.利用粒度仪和扫描电镜等对粉末的粒径分布、形貌和化学成分进行表征.利用金相显微镜分析热等静压后TA7 ELI合金的显微组织,利用电子探针分析包套和粉末反应层的元素分布.结果表明:粉末的平均粒度约为80 μm,形貌呈球形;经1 000 ℃、130 MPa、3 h热等静压后,材料的相对密度达到理论密度的99.5%,获得平均晶粒直径约为40 μm的细小等轴晶组织;包套与TA7 ELI粉末界面反应层厚度为3～8 μm,反应层富集Al和Sn元素,Fe元素沿TA7 ELI晶界快速扩散,在界面附近呈网状分布.     

TC17粉末钛合金HIP/IF复合工艺制备及组织性能演变

采用粉末热等静压(HIP)+等温锻造(IF)的复合工艺制备TC17粉末钛合金,并分析研究工艺过程中合金组织和性能的变化.结果表明:粒度<104 μm的雾化TC17合金粉末经热等静压后,合金成分均匀,显微组织为细针状的魏氏组织,室温抗拉强度为1210 MPa、延伸率仅为4%;经高低温慢速等温锻造后,合金密度得到进一步提高(99.9%),显微组织中的原始β晶粒得到完全破碎,获得了细小的等轴晶粒;固溶时效热处理后,大量等轴α相均匀地弥散分布于β转变基体上,α相尺寸很小,约1～2 μm.最终粉末合金室温抗拉强度为1210 MPa、延伸率高达16%,强度和塑性达到了良好的匹配,并且远远超过技术条件要求.     

新型高强韧钛合金的粉末热等静压规律研究

采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法(EIGA)制备出一种钛基预合金粉末,然后用粉末冶金热等静压技术(PM-HIP)进行成形,研究了热等静压温度对该粉末冶金钛合金性能的影响。结果表明,采用气体雾化制粉工艺能够制备出满足要求的洁净预合金粉末,其相变点为883℃。热等静压温度在β相变点以下,制备的高强韧钛合金呈α+β双态组织,拉伸强度和冲击性能与热等静压温度成正相关。热等静压温度高于β相变点,组织中形成大尺寸的晶粒,α相衍射峰增强,为针状分布,合金性能略有下降。采用粉末热等静压技术制备的新型α+β两相钛合金具有高强高韧的特点,热处理能够提高合金的冲击性能。     

热等静压参数对Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI粉末合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法制备Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI预合金粉末,并对预合金粉末进行表征.研究了热等静压参数对Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI粉末合金显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,热等静压温度和压力的升高有助于提升粉末合金的致密度,当粉末合金的致密度大于99.5%时,粉末合金的力学性能可以达到锻造合金的水平.综合考虑粉末合金的致密度、显微组织和力学性能,Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI预合金粉末优选的热等静压工艺成型窗口为温度890~940℃,压力120 MPa以上,保温保压3 h.包套对热等静压压力有屏蔽作用,设计不当会降低粉末压坯的致密度.通过优化包套设计、热等静压参数和工艺途径可以有效抑制包套的屏蔽作用,提升粉末合金的致密度.     

后处理对激光沉积制造γ-TiAl合金组织与性能的影响

通过固溶、热等静压+固溶处理对激光沉积制造(LDM)Ti4822合金进行组织结构调整和相比例控制,分析不同激光沉积制造后处理工艺对合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经固溶、热等静压+固溶处理两种处理后γ-TiAl合金组织均含有γ、α_2及微量B2相;1260℃热处理后γ-TiAl合金形成典型的双态组织;1330℃热处理后γ-TiAl合金形成近片层组织;1350℃热处理后γ-TiAl合金形成全片层组织;热等静压导致组织内的层片尺寸略有增大。随热处理温度的升高γ-TiAl合金显微硬度逐渐减小,在相同热处理温度下,经热等静压处理后的样品显微硬度提高约5%,热等静压导致合金组织致密度提升的强化效果要高于片层组织粗化引起的弱化效果。     

熔体温度对含硅蒙乃尔合金组织与硬度的影响

采用真空熔炼工艺制备含硅蒙乃尔合金,研究了熔体温度对含硅蒙乃尔合金组织与硬度的影响。结果表明：合金组织均由树枝状α固溶体基体、弥散分布于基体的次生β相以及枝晶间呈网状分布的α＋β共晶相组成;但随着熔体温度的升高,合金组织中枝晶及枝晶间的α＋β共晶相逐渐细化,枝晶上弥散分布的次生β相尺寸减小,数量增多,同时合金的硬度呈现明显的上升趋势;熔体温度为1450℃时,枝晶尺寸、共晶β相尺寸以及次生β相的尺寸均最为细小,组织最为致密,合金硬度值达最大值3．72GPa;而继续升高温度到1500℃,合金组织及硬度值较1450℃时并没有明显变化。     

镍基粉末高温合金FGH95涡轮盘材料研究

讨论了ＦＧＨ９５氩气雾化粉末高温合金中缺陷、粉末颗粒凝固组织及其相组成、粉末经过热等静压后显微组织与相组成、热等静压坯再经包套模锻后合金的组织与低周疲劳性能、以及热等静压坯再经挤压后合金组织的改善和热处理制度的改进。     

高硅镍铜合金NCu30-4-2-1热处理组织演变

采用高温显微镜、维氏显微硬度计、透射电子显微镜及差示扫描量热仪等手段研究了高硅镍铜合金NCu30-4-2-1热处理组织演变规律。结果表明,合金铸态组织由树枝状α-Ni基固溶体相以及枝晶间呈网状分布的α+β共晶相组成;固溶温度为850℃时,合金组织无明显变化;固溶温度为950℃保温2 h时,枝晶组织基本消失,合金中β强化相基本溶入固溶体基体中,形成单相过饱和固溶体基体组织;固溶温度为1050℃时,晶粒异常长大。在固溶处理950℃×2 h+时效处理600℃×8 h下,主要析出相为细小弥散分布的β'-Ni3Si相,与基体保持良好共格关系,合金硬度达到450 HV。     

热等静压处理温度对一种高性能粉末高温合金组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验等研究了不同温度热等静压处理(HIP)对一种高性能粉末高温合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在γ′相溶解温度以下进行热等静压处理,合金中存在较多的原始粉末颗粒边界(PPB)组织,并且含有大量的残留枝晶,热处理后PPB不能完全消除,以至于影响合金的室温和高温塑性;在γ′相溶解温度以上进行热等静压处理,基本消除了PPB组织,残留枝晶含量较少,热处理后得到完全再结晶组织,不含有PPB组织,同时晶粒并未快速长大。     

热等静压温度和粒度对粉末冶金TiAl合金组织和性能的影响

采用电极感应熔炼气雾化（EIGA）制粉和热等静压（HIP）固结成形制备Ti-43Al-9V-0.3Y合金。研究了热等静压温度和粉末粒度对TiAl合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、定量金相（OM）、质谱仪（MS）对样品进行了分析表征。结果表明,TiAl合金粉末主要相组成为β/B2相,经热等静压固结成形后合金主要由γ和β/B2相组成,此外两种状态的合金中都含有少量YAl2和Y2O3相。TiAl合金在1000℃～1260℃范围150MPa、3h条件下热等静压,组织均为近γ组织,随着温度的升高,γ相尺寸增大,室温和700℃拉伸强度有一定的降低,但伸长率显著升高。在0～250μm范围,粉末粒径越小,空心粉含量和Ar含量越低。将同炉3个粒度段（<53μm、53～105μm、105～250μm）的TiAl合金粉末分别经1200℃/150MPa/3h热等静压固结成形,合金显微组织和拉伸强度随粒度变化不明显,但合金高温拉伸伸长率随粉末粒度的减小而升高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.