塑性混凝土在真三轴下的强度试验研究

为得到不同配合比下的塑性混凝土在三向应力条件下的强度特性,通过真三轴实验仪对其强度进行试验研究.结果表明:不同的配合比对其强度有较大影响;峰值强度(σ1)随中间主应力(σ2)的提高近似呈线性增长;不同的配合比对塑性混凝土的凝聚力c及内摩擦角φ值有较大影响.     

高温后普通混凝土材料复杂力学特性

目的 对高温后混凝土三轴受压强度及应变进行分析,解决高温混凝土结构设计以及火灾后结构评价和加固问题.方法 通过对普通混凝土高温100 ～650℃后三轴压试验,研究不同应力比和温度条件下混凝土的抗压强度及所对应的峰值应变,并与混凝土单轴试验的力学性能进行对比分析.结果高温后混凝土三轴受压强度及应变峰值均比同温度下的单轴试验结果有显著增加.混凝土极限抗压强度随着温度的增高逐渐降低.最大抗压强度发生在σ2/σ3=0.5左右.在σ1/σ3不大时,中间主应力σ2对极限抗压强度的影响不能忽略.结论 应力比和温度对混凝土强度存在很大影响,在八面体应力空间建立了混凝土高温后三轴压强度准则,可以为复杂应力状态下高温后混凝土的力学分析提供试验和理论基础.     

红砂岩真三轴压力试验与岩石强度极限统计

为探讨岩石的强度理论和中间主应力效应,进行了红砂岩真三轴压力试验。获得了不同应力状态下的岩石强度极限值和岩石的三向全应力应变曲线。根据本文和收集到的真三轴压力试验资料,探讨了岩石的中间主应力效应问题。统计分析表明:中间主应力一般可使最大主应力的强度极限增大30%。     

基于三剪统一强度准则的隧道围岩抗力系数计算

基于三剪统一强度准则对隧道围岩抗力系数进行了分析,并导出了围岩抗力系数的计算公式。在表征岩石的强度和变形特征时采用了三剪统一强度准则以反映中间主应力对岩石强度和变形的影响,在描述隧道围岩塑性区内的应力状态时,采用中间主应力参数法来表达不同岩体可能具有的不同塑性区应力状态。计算实例表明：隧道围岩的中间主应力对隧道围岩抗力系数有影响,考虑中间主应力效应后所得的隧道围岩抗力系数增大。     

混凝土在双向受压下力学性质的试验研究

采用大吨位等刚度双向加载系统,对混凝土立方体试块进行了双向和单向加载的试验研究。实验结果表明：在双向加载条件下,混凝土的破坏强度远大于单轴破坏强度;由于中间主应力的增加,约束了试件的横向变形,使1：l加载破坏强度大于双轴2：1加载破坏强度;总结了在最小主应力σ3=0的情况下,试件双向σ1—σ2关系。     

出砂水平井近井塑性区出砂半径预测研究

基于地层岩石弹塑性变形理论,建立出砂水平井近井塑性区应力分布模型.根据弹性区与塑性区边界应力连续的原理,提出水平井弹塑性区边界即塑性出砂半径的预测模型与方法,分析了出砂水平井近井塑性区应力分布规律及出砂半径的敏感性因素.结果表明:水平井塑性应力分布及出砂半径与原始主应力关系、井周角、井斜方位角、流压等参数有直接关系;塑性出砂半径随井周角的变化规律与原始垂向主应力和最大水平主应力的大小关系有关,当最大水平主应力较大时,井周铅垂方向的出砂半径大于水平方向的出砂半径,即铅垂方向更容易出砂,当垂向主应力较大时则相反;随着井斜方位角变化出砂半径呈周期性变化,在原始水平最大主应力σH大于垂向主应力σv的情况下,井斜方位角为0°和180°时,水平方向出砂半径较大,更容易出砂;井斜方位角为90°和270°时,铅垂方向更容易出砂;由于岩石力学参数及地应力的非均质性分布,水平井出砂半径沿着井身轨迹方向也表现出明显的非均质性.     

脆性岩石真三轴能量强度准则研究

基于岩石材料拉压强度不等和中间主应力对强度影响特点,从可释放弹性能角度出发推导和建立了可考虑中间主应力对岩石破坏弹性能释放影响的真三轴能量强度准则,利用厚壁圆筒试验数据和已有文献真三轴试验数据以及从能量准则参数物理含义三方面分析验证了所建真三轴能量强度准则的合理性及可靠性.结果表明,所建真三轴能量准则能适应于厚壁圆筒及真三轴压力试验的多种复杂应力状态;花岗岩、石灰岩中间主应力影响大于红砂岩、中细砂岩;对同种岩石来说,岩石中间主应力影响系数随应力状态不同而不同,总体变化趋势随中间主应力增加而先增大后减小;岩石能量强度准则与岩石应力状态和材料物理性质密切相关.     

岩石中间主应力效应及强度理论研究进展

综述岩石中间主应力效应试验和强度理论的研究进展,总结了岩石中间主应力效应的基本规律和现有岩石强度理论的特点与不足,最后介绍了统一强度理论及其对岩石真三轴试验的预测与在岩土工程中的应用。研究结果表明：中间主应力效应及其区间性是岩石强度的重要特性,且已是目前岩石强度准则建立所必须考虑的基本问题之一;应用统一强度理论并考虑更多复杂因素的综合影响,可得到更符合实际情况的较理想解答。     

真三轴压缩下大理岩强度、变形与损伤特征数值

为研究真三轴条件下岩石的力学行为,采用离散元颗粒流程序,探析不同应力路径下大理岩试样的变形破坏过程、微裂纹演化机制及其中间主应力效应。结果表明：平行黏结模型能较准确地反映大理岩真三轴压缩下力学特性和破坏模式;中间主应力对峰值强度、弹性模量、破坏角和破坏模式演变的影响较为显著;八面体理论可较好地拟合出大理岩真三轴压缩中的破坏应力,所得的破坏强度包络线具有明显线性特征;结合应力-应变曲线形状,该大理岩在压缩过程中裂纹扩展可划分为4个阶段,即线弹性阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段及峰后破坏阶段;随着中间主应力增大,应力-应变曲线峰后段的脆性破坏特征变强,试样从拉伸破坏向拉剪混合破坏转变,且中间主应变符号由拉转向压,岩石损伤演化与中间主应力间呈现出“对勾”型趋势。     

一种考虑主应力空间的岩石非线性真三轴强度准则

为评估岩石的真三轴强度特性,首先根据常规三轴试验岩石强度的变化规律,提出基于偏应力极值的非线性强度准则,并与12种岩石试验强度和4种典型岩石强度准则进行对比,发现该强度准则的预测值与试验强度非常接近,相关性系数R~2均在0.98以上,平均相对误差(MAPE,E_(MAP))均小于4%(除7号岩石为6.83%);该强度准则、指数准则、H-B准则、MM-C准则和D-P准则对所有12种岩石预测E_(MAP)的平均值分别为2.32%、2.43%、5.28%、7.39%和13.74%,说明该强度准则能够很好地预测不同类型岩石的强度,其预测精度略优于指数准则(岩石力学界认为预测精度较高的强度准则),远好于其他3种强度准则。在上述所建常规三轴强度准则的基础上,通过引入中主应力参数和罗德应力参数,构建考虑中主应力效应的真三轴强度准则,并与8种岩石的真三轴试验强度进行对比,该强度准则很好地反映了大主应力随中主应力的增加呈先增大后减小的变化规律,所得R~2均在0.9以上,其中5种岩石的R~2大于0.96;除了13和14号岩石(E_(MAP)分别为7.79%和4.84%),其余6种岩石的平均相对误差E_(MAP)均小于4%,说明该强度准则能够较好地预测岩石的真三轴试验强度,很好地反映了中主应力效应,具有良好的普遍适用性。子午面和偏平面的应力空间特征也说明该强度准则很好地反映了岩石的静水压力效应和中主应力对大主应力的影响规律。     

Investigation of the influence of intermediate principal stress on the dynamic responses of rocks subjected to true triaxial stress state

Precisely understanding the dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of rocks subjected to true triaxial stress state(σ_1 σ_2 σ_3, where σ_1, σ_2, and σ_3 are the major principal stress, intermediate principal stress, and minor principal stress, respectively) is essential to the safety of underground engineering. However, in the laboratory, it is difficult to maintain the constant true triaxial stress state of rocks during the dynamic testing process. Herein, a numerical servo triaxial Hopkinson bar(NSTHB) was developed to study the dynamic responses of rocks confronted with a true triaxial stress state, in which lateral stresses can maintain constant. The results indicate that the dynamic strength and elastic modulus of rocks increase with the rise of intermediate principal stress σ_2, while the dynamic elastic modulus is independent of the dynamic strain rate. Simulated acoustic emission distributions indicate that the intermediate principal stress σ_2 dramatically affects dynamic failure modes of triaxial confined rocks. As σ_2 increases, the failure pattern switches from a single diagonal shear zone into two parallel shear zones with a small slant. Moreover, a recent triaxial Hopkinson bar experimental system using three bar pairs is also numerically established, and the measuring discrepancies are identified between the two numerical bar systems. The proposed NSTHB system provides a controllable tool for studying the dynamic triaxial behavior of rocks.     

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress: A review

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground. However, rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state (σ₁>σ>σ₃) due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances. It is therefore essential to study the mechanical, seepage, and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering and the efficient exploitation of deep resources. In recent years, experimental techniques and research on true triaxial rock mechanics have achieved fruitful results that have promoted the rapid development of deep rock mechanics; thus, it is necessary to systematically review and summarize these developments. This work first introduced several typical true triaxial testing apparatus and then reviewed the corresponding research progress on rock deformation, strength, failure mode, brittleness, and energy as well as the 3D volumetric fracturing (dynamic disaster) properties of deep rocks under true triaxial stress. Then, several commonly used true triaxial rock strength criteria and their applicability, the permeability characteristics and mathematical models of deep reservoir rocks, and the disaster-causing processes and mechanisms of disturbed volumetric fracturing (rockburst, compound dynamic disasters) in deep rock engineering were described. This work may provide an essential reference for addressing the true triaxial rock mechanics issues involved in deep rock engineering, especially regarding the stability of surrounding rock at depth, disaster prevention and control, and oil and gas exploitation.     

结构性吹填软土侧向变形真三轴试验研究

为了研究吹填软土在侧向变形条件下的力学与结构特性,利用真三轴试验机以及WF应力路径试验仪进行了不排水条件下的侧向卸荷试验,并与常规三轴试验结果进行了对比分析.试验结果表明：与常规三轴剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线表现的硬化特性不同,真三轴卸荷试验表现出应变软化现象.随着初始围压的增大,土体由剪缩向剪胀变化.由于中主应力的影响,真三轴卸荷状态下土体的结构屈服应力值明显大于WF卸荷状态以及常规三轴试验下的数值,其随着中主应力系数bd的增大而成非线性增长.真三轴侧向卸荷条件下土体抗剪强度指标大于WF卸荷条件,与常规三轴试验结果也明显不同,其内摩擦角增大,粘聚力减小.     

Elasto-plastic analysis of the surrounding rock mass in circular tunnel based on the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory

The present paper aims to establish a versatile strength theory suitable for elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock. In order to analyze the effects of intermediate principal stress and the rock properties on its deformation and failure of rock mass, the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory and elasto-plastic mechanics are used to deduce analytic solution of the radius and stress of tunnel plastic zone and the periphery displacement of tunnel under uniform ground stress field. The results show that: intermediate principal stress coefficient b has significant effect on the plastic range,the magnitude of stress and surrounding rock pressure. Then, the results are compared with the unified strength criterion solution and Mohr–Coulomb criterion solution, and concluded that the generalized nonlinear unified strength criterion is more applicable to elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock.