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1.
1.  The plant manufacturer's power and efficiency guarantees are fulfilled.
2.  The power performance curves obtained for the hydraulic unit at four heads make it possible to select the makeup of operating units that will deliver maximum economy with the load distributed between the units.
3.  In operating the hydraulic units, special attention should be given to adjustment of the combiner curves in connection with the fact that its mismatch downgrades not only the economy of the hydraulic-turbine operation, but also the vibrational state of the hydraulic unit.
4.  Measurements of the vibration levels of the hydraulic units under several heads made it possible to determine the boundary line with respect to power over the entire range of operating heads.
Translated from Gidrotechnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 26–30, April, 1991.  相似文献   

2.
Conclusions  
1.  The 40-year experience of operating the Volga hydrostation indicates that as experience was gained in operating the equipment and it was modernized and improved, the design hydropower indices composing the basis of the high cost effectiveness of the station gradually increased and at the current stage of operation exceeded their design values.
2.  The Volga hydrostation is successfully fulfilling the function of the central, main base of the Russian power grid.
3.  The design data of the hydropower indices were confirmed by the actual operating results, which indicates correctness of the method of calculating the main parameters of large hydropower plants.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 29–32, March, 1997.  相似文献   

3.
1.  The energy-storage hydroelectric station (ESHES) can provide a 1.5–2-fold increase in peak capacity with a simultaneous threefold decrease in daily fluctuations of the water level in the lower pool.
2.  A decrease in the length of the concrete structures located in the river channel (especially the length) of the powerhouse) reduces the consumption of concrete for the ESHES in comparison with the HES, which compensates for the cost of constructing the additional structures of the ESHES.
3.  Unlike the HES, the ESHES operates in a sharp-peak regime and also during passage of flood waters.
4.  Contrarotating pump-turbines are best suited for an ESHES because of various combinations of heads on its turbine and pump parts.
5.  With increase in the speed of multistage hydraulic machines their placement depth decreases and the cost of the powerhouse is reduced.
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4.
1.  The hydraulic projects awarded prizes by the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1976 solve a set of critical national-economic problems and are distinguished by high cost effectiveness.
2.  Structures distinguished by originality and progressiveness of technical solutions, which ensure their reliable operation, have been constructed as the result of a set of scientific-research and design studies. This was made possible only by the close creative understanding and interaction between the scientific-research, planning, construction, and operating organizations.
3.  In building hydraulic structures, all the more attention is focused on industrial aesthetics. The architectural-planning solutions of the prizewinning projects are new, represent examples of the progressive development of industrial architecture, and have obtained widespread public recognition.
4.  The bold and economic solutions relative to the organization of the passage of flood waters over incomplete structures merit attention; this makes it possible to reduce the volumes of the enclosing foundation pits of the cofferdams, or eliminate them entirely.
5.  The experience gained with the design and construction of the prizewinning projects should be studied in detail and publicized for purposes of utilization in subsequent design and construction.
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5.
An analysis of the experience in the Soviet Union and in foreign countries with conveyor transportation in the mining industry, as well as with use of conveyors in hydraulic construction shows that the introduction of conveyor transportation in the field of construction of embankment dams in this country, for delivery of earth-rock material from quarries, as well as for carrying raw materials to concentrating plants processing nonmetallic minerals, will make it possible.
1)  To reduce substantially the personnel nees.
2)  To lower significantly the transportation costs for delivery of earth-rock materials to construction sites and to concentrating plants processing nonmetallic mateirals (rubble, gravel, and sand);
3)  To reduce the need for trucks, by replacing them with conveyors;
4)  To increase the rate of delivery of earth-rock materials from quarries for dam, construction and, consequently, to reduce the times of completion.
5)  To reduce the volume of housing, cultural-welfare, and auxiliary-subsidiary construction in owing to the lower needs for personnel in conveyor transportation;
6)  To eliminate the need for constructing a large number of roads with rigid pavements for large-capacity dump trucks;
7)  To raise the technical level of the earth-rock work.
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6.
Conclusions  
1.  The expediency of hydraulic-fill grading of marshy coastal territories and city dumps for housing construction and recreation park and beach zones was proved practically.
2.  Underwater coastal borrow pits in the shallow-water zone can be used for direct dredging of soil.
3.  In the absence of sand borrow pits, fine-grained loamy sand soils can be used for hydraulic filling the construction sites.
4.  To operate dredges on large water areas under conditions of violent wind-wave action, it is necessary to work out a special works organization plan taking into account the preservation of supply lines, machines, and crew during a storm and under ice conditions in the winter.
5.  The possibility of using the ash of heat and power plants for engineering grading of a marshy territory for housing construction on a pile foundation was proved.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 9, pp. 29–33, September, 1997.  相似文献   

7.
1.  In certain cases of constructing dams salt-containing soils serve as their foundation.
2.  Under these conditions reliable operation of the structures can be provided only by developing special engineering measures to control dissolution.
3.  All existing methods of protecting saliferous foundation soils of hydraulic structures from dissolution can be divided into passive, active, and combined.
4.  The combined methods should be considered the most effective for preventing removal of salts from foundation soils by the seepage flow.
5.  Large-scale field investigations of the work of the combined method of protecting saliferous foundation soils of the planned Lower Kafirnigan hydro development showed its high effectiveness even in the case of complex engineering-geological conditions at the construction site.
6.  Individual elements of the set of dissolution protective measures investigated under field conditions can be used in hydrotechnical and hydropower construction practice.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 10–14, October, 1994.  相似文献   

8.
Conclusions  
1.  Pumped water storage of renewable energy sources is an effective method of coordinating the arrivals of renewable energy and consumer's load which are nonuniform in time.
2.  The use of water storage makes it possible to increase the firm output of power produced by plants based on RESs.
3.  The proposed characteristic makes it possible to optimize the production of plants operating on the basis of RESs and to minimize the volume of the water-storing system.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 12–15, November, 1998.  相似文献   

9.
1.  Intense passage of the sediment deposits washed from the upstream stretches of the reservoir through the cut was observed. In the cut itself or in the immediate vicinity of its outlet, 13,000 m3 of sediments was deposited, the remainder was discharged by the through-flow into the downstream pool.
2.  The cut made was not curvilinear in plan as was intended, and therefore its expected intensive erosion by the flow did not occur. The exception was the inlet stretch of the cut, where its erosion and widening by about 10 m occurred.
3.  An increase of the cross-sectional area of the reservoir due to the cut leads to some decrease of the level of the flushing flow in the main channel and increases its slope on the upstream stretch of the reservoir, increasing the flow velocity and effectiveness of erosion of the sediments. Furthermore, the directions of the flow velocities partially changed in the region of the cut, which intensified the effect of erosion of the sediments.
4.  Gradual erosion of the island of sediment deposits cut off by the cut from the left-bank mass of sediments was observed during flushing and subsequent operation of the reservoir.
5.  It is better to use diesel dredges for making cuts, which, with their self-contained power supply makes it possible to operate on any stretch of the reservoir at a sufficient distance from the bank.
6.  The cost effectiveness of combined removal of sediments can be estimated by comparing the cost of conducting it with the cost of removing sediments by hydraulicking as the cheapest of the presently known methods. For conditions of the Chiryurt reservoir the effectiveness was 0.9 ruble/m3 of sediments being removed for the particular flushing under consideration.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 34–37, August, 1989.  相似文献   

10.
Conclusions  
1.  The systems of elongated triangles located at elevations 413, 467, and 344 m do not give reliable results, as a consequence of which they cannot be used as horizontal displacement meters.
2.  The displacements of the ends of the adits recorded from the NET readings are a consequence of measurement errors.
3.  The use of string systems as horizontal displacement meters of hydraulic structures can be used only with their complete protection from airflows, which is practically impossible to do.
4.  The use of 3-m invar bars, used as meters of the small sides of the NET, for determining deformations of concrete and bank adits is possible.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 52–54, September, 1998.  相似文献   

11.
Conclusions  
1.  The water-power resources of small rivers in the Volga basin are significant: the economic potential of the WPR of these rivers is more than 20% of the production of electric power by the hydroelectric plants in the basin.
2.  Use of the water-power resources of the small rivers in the basin will create a significant nature-preserving effect: thus, the number of releases of polluting substances by thermal electric plants into the atmosphere will diminish by 92,100 tons/year, and the releases of polluted water by 11,100 tons/year.
3.  The production of electric power by hydroelectric plants on small rivers of the basin will increase the reliability of electric supply to rural consumers, owing to which shortages of electric power will be reduced by 13.1 million kWh/year.
4.  The effectiveness of capital expenditures for utilization of the WPR of the small rivers is rather high: considering the nature-preserving effect, the increase in reliability of electric supply, and an increase recreational potential, the payback time may be 5.8 years; this is significantly shorter than the operating period of the hydroelectric plants (30–40 years).
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 46–49, May, 1997.  相似文献   

12.
Conclusions  
1.  In designing heavy-duty high-head hydraulic facilities, where significant hydrodynamic effects on elements of the hydraulic facility should be expected during operation of dummy spillways and units, it is necessary to perform their dynamic calculation.
2.  The MARCHI-designed superstructure of the machine gallery at the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric power plant is subject to rather vigorous vibrations due, in particular, to the operation of the dam's spillways. Nontraditional structural solutions with respect to the installation of dynamic dampers, which may be adopted after appropriate computational and field investigations, are required for this structure to lower the swings of the oscillations.
3.  Development of maximum oscillations in strictly defined areas occurs not as a result of different stiffnesses of the components of the superstructure of the machine gallery at the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric plant or the stiffness of the reinforced-concrete unit blocks, but most likely due to the mutual effect of various elements of the hydraulic facility as sources of wave oscillations that develop due to the effect of hydrodynamic forces during idle discharges on the toe basin.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 63–66, September, 1998.  相似文献   

13.
1.  Investigations showed that when constructing dams of fine-grained silty soils by hydraulic filling, it is expedient to use the technology of layerwise placement of soil with consolidation of each layer.
2.  Dependences are given for calculating the thickness of the layers and period of consolidation of the soil on the basis of investigations of the dynamics of the hydrophysical properties of these soils in relation to technological factors.
3.  Dependences are also proposed for predicting the density of the hydraulic-filled soil during construction, as well as the distribution of soil in the profile of the structure.
4.  A method is proposed for calculating the technological parameters, in particular, the rate of construction of hydraulic-fill structures, calculating the size and number of the hydraulic-fill plots referred to one dredge, and prediction of the seepage discharge into the foundation of the dams during their hydraulic filling.
5.  The proposed calculation methods make possible a more substantiated approach to the design of hydraulic-fill structures of fine-grained silty soils and technology of their construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 6, pp. 5–9, June, 1990.  相似文献   

14.
1.  Rollcretes can meet the requirements of construction concrete with a high strength, impermeability, and frost rsistance and, in particular, can be used with great effectiveness for constructing hydraulic structures such as arch dams, retaining walls, abutments, etc. Furthermore, road pavements, landing strips, and taxiways can be constructed from them.
2.  With consideration of the relative cheapness of low-cement rollcrete, in a number of cases it is possible to replace reinforced-concrete members by pure concrete ones, keeping in mind the high cost of reinforcing steel.
3.  The technological characteristics of rollcrete enable doing away with framework at the concrete-ground contact, which is important when constructing transition structures.
4.  It remains to develop a technology of equally strong joining of layers of high-strength rollcrete, which will require a rather large volume of experimental works.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 8–10, July, 1992.  相似文献   

15.
1.  The use of the results of on-site investigations of an irregular wave load on slopes of structures makes it possible to increase the reliability of designing structures.
2.  A differentiated consideration of the wave load according to probability in storms represented by corresponding quasi-steady wave systems can substantially reduce the cost of construction and installation works on objects of various classes and technical purposes.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 24–27, December, 1989.  相似文献   

16.
1.  More than a decade of operation of water-cleaning machines with a conical net has demonstrated their good technical and economic characteristics as regards failure-free operation and water-cleaning performance.
2.  After a simple modification, the existing water-cleaning machines with a vertical axis of cone rotation can perform a fish-protecting function.
3.  For larger water consumers (such as water supply systems of thermal and nuclear power plants) machines with a horizontal cone rotation axis are recommended (so-called directflow water-cleaning machines). With some modernization of the flowthrough component, water offtake facilities can ensure bypass and survival of over 90% of young fish without building any expensive fish guard structures.
4.  Instead of fish guard facilities planned to be built at operating thermal and nuclear power plants, one should consider the possibility of removing the existing water-cleaning machines with flat nets and installing machines with conical nets.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 37–40, December, 1990.  相似文献   

17.
Conclusions  
1.  At the current stage of hydrotechnical construction designs of structures constructed with the complete or maximum use of natural materials and providing complete mechanization of the construction and repair of structures can be most effective.
2.  It is necessary to begin immediately experimental laboratory studies and to provide standards on the use of natural materials of the sand-gravel mixture type in designs of hydraulic structures.
3.  It is necessary to begin exploration of potential deposits of SGMs and to calculate their reserves.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 17–20, October, 1999.  相似文献   

18.
Conclusions  
1.  Biolocation as a nondestructive method of flaw detection of hydraulic structures and their earth foundations is of practical interest and can solve a number of problems of hydrotechnical, power, industrial, and civil construction along with other traditional geological and geophysical methods.
2.  Areal biophysical profiling (biolocation) considerably reduces the cost of archaeological investigations in the flooding zone of reservoirs and without digs permits establishing the internal structure of an archeological object, and the use of resonators of various materials (ceramic, copper, iron, precious metals) permits obtaining information about the affinity of the archaeological memorial to a particular historical epoch and thereby establishing its historical significance and material value.
3.  By means of biolocation we can establish vertical circulation of geoenergy in geopathogenic zones, determine the location of “dead” sections, and solve social problems with respect to neutralization of the harmful effect of geopathogenic zones on human health and on the environment.
4.  Detection of geopathogenic zones permits a reliable prediction of karst and piping processes in earth masses of the foundations of buildings and structures and taking timely measures to neutralize them.
5.  From the increased productivity of biocenoses and biological activity of substances and minerals we can establish centers of methane formation in the soil stratum and take a systems approach to the solution of problems related to the ecology of large cities and environmental protection, including at sites of hydrodevelopments and other power facilities.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 38–43, October, 1997.  相似文献   

19.
1.  Provision for stability of slopes is one of the main problems in designing plains PSHS.
2.  The reasons for occurrence and a chain reaction of development of landslide phenomena on the south slope of the area of basic structures of the Zagorsk PSHS were peculiarities of its engineering-geological structure that were not properly taken into account in designing and carrying out construction work.
3.  For the purpose of stabilizing the landslide slope, a system of engineering measures was developed and implemented, including a change in the configuration and structure of the right-bank abutment of the upper-basin levee to the water intake, construction of a banquette, filling of a counterbanquette, draining of moraine loams, grading of the slope, surface water diversion, and monitoring of the state of the slope and elements of the antilandslide protection.
4.  Data from full-scale observatins indicate the effectiveness of the antilandslide measures that were performed and a state of the slope corresponding to criteria for the hydro development's safe operation.
5.  Innovative elements of the system of measures to stabilize the south landslide slope of the Zagorsk PSHS are:
–  the complex nature of measures, providing for the optimum set of criteria with respect to reliability, technological efficiency, construction time, and cost of adjusted expenditures;
–  minimization of one-time and total excavation for the banquette, providing for the least disruption of the slope in the process of construction;
–  draining of moraine loams, which has no known analog;
–  the use of an ejector unwatering system, which provides for minimum adjusted expenditures on construction and operation of the drainage system.
Deceased.  相似文献   

20.
Conclusions  
1.  Russian hydropower engineering is a competitive branch of power engineering on the world market.
2.  The Russian Ministry of Fuel and Energy must create conditions for the formation and participation of domestic consortia in bids for turn-key delivery of equipment to Russian hydrostations, which will make it possible to reduce the cost, shorten construction time, improve quality, and ensure putting the units into operation on time, i.e., to use objective market mechanisms.
3.  On the initiative of the customer, certain conditions of storing, making up complete orders, delivery, and technology of installing equipment traditionally established between the customer and equipment suppliers should be revised by means of consortia for purposes of reducing costs and improving quality.
4.  One of the most important conditions for the successful work of the consortium is the clear-cut differentiation of responsibility between participants of the consortium.
5.  The date of synchronizing the unit should be taken as the date of reckoning the warranty period of the equipment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 7–9, October, 1997.  相似文献   

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