燃用福建无烟煤CFB锅炉炉内脱硫工业实验

在一台35t／hCFB锅炉上进行了炉内加石灰石脱硫工业实验研究。得出燃烧福建Ⅱ类无烟煤时Ca／S比和石灰石粒度分布对脱硫效率和炉内各温度等运行参数的影响。对实验结果进行分析并提出了燃用福建Ⅱ类无烟煤的CFB锅炉实际采用炉内脱硫工艺所适用的Ca／S比和石灰石粒度分布。     

燃用福建无烟煤CFB锅炉炉内脱硫工业实验

在一台 35t hCFB锅炉上进行了炉内加石灰石脱硫工业实验研究。得出燃烧福建II类无烟煤时Ca S比和石灰石粒度分布对脱硫效率和炉内各温度等运行参数的影响。对实验结果进行分析并提出了燃用福建II类无烟煤的CFB锅炉实际采用炉内脱硫工艺所适用的Ca S比和石灰石粒度分布     

燃烧福建无烟煤循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫对SO2、NOx和CO等污染物排放的影响

在一台燃烧福建无烟煤75t/h循环流化床锅炉上进行炉内添加石灰石脱硫的工业热态试验,测试了Ca/S摩尔比变化对燃烧福建无烟煤循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫效果以及SO2、NOx、CO等污染物排放的影响.试验表明:燃烧福建无烟煤循环流化床锅炉自脱硫效率较高,并且脱硫效率随着Ca/S摩尔比增大而呈"S"型曲线变化,在Ca/S摩尔比...     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧福建无烟煤炉内脱硫对污染物排放和电除尘效率的影响

为测试和分析Ca/S摩尔比变化对燃烧福建无烟煤循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫效果以及SO2、NOx等污染物排放和电除尘器效率的影响,在1台燃烧福建无烟煤75t/h循环流化床锅炉上进行炉内添加石灰石脱硫的工业热态试验。试验表明:(1)燃烧福建无烟煤循环流化床锅炉自脱硫效率较高,并且脱硫效率随着Ca/S摩尔比增大而呈"S"型曲线变化,在Ca/S摩尔比较低(<2.02)或较高(>2.82)时,脱硫效率随着Ca/S增加而迅速提高;当Ca/S摩尔比在一定范围内(2.02～2.82),脱硫效率缓慢提高;(2)炉内添加石灰石脱硫对NOx和CO排放的影响不明显,均随着Ca/S摩尔比增加而轻微上升;(3)飞灰含碳量随着Ca/S摩尔比增加而有所下降,但当Ca/S摩尔比达到较高值以后(本例Ca/S>2.02),飞灰含碳量不再明显变化,并有上升的趋势;(4)随着Ca/S摩尔比增加,飞灰比电阻增加,电除尘器进口、出口浓度同步增长,但除尘效率基本保持不变。     

石灰石粒度分布对燃用福建无烟煤CFB锅炉炉内脱硫的影响

在一台35t/hCFB锅炉上进行了炉内加石灰石脱硫工业实验研究，得出燃烧福建Ⅱ类无烟煤时石灰石粒度分布对脱硫效率和床温等运行参数的影响。对实验结果进行分析并提出了燃用福建Ⅱ类无烟煤的CFB锅炉实际采用炉内脱硫工艺所适用的石灰石粒度分布。     

燃烧福建无烟煤CFB锅炉炉内脱硫若干相关问题探讨

分析燃烧福建无烟煤CFB锅炉炉内脱硫技术相关的若干问题,如脱硫效率,脱硫对灰渣利用、烟尘排放和脱硝等的影响。指出燃烧福建无烟煤CFB锅炉炉内脱硫存在有最佳钙硫比,开发脱硫灰渣综合利用新技术是推动CFB锅炉炉内脱硫技术应用的关键。     

燃烧福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉之设计及运行实践评述

当前新投入运行的、针对于燃烧福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉(CFBB)具有超负荷运行能力强、连续运行时间长和运行效率高等优点。它们在设计上主要采取了敷设长卫燃带、炉膛出口布置蒸发受热面、燃料供给系统采用气力播煤方式和增强抗磨损能力等措施，但存有分离器的回料温度、返料点和返料量等设计不尽合理的问题。工业实验结果显示，对燃烧福建无烟煤的35t／h循环流化床锅炉而言，炉内添加石灰石的脱硫工艺是可行的。当Ca／S取2．5-3．0、石灰石平均颗粒径取0．2-0．5mm时，可以取得较佳的脱硫效果和运行效益。     

钙硫比对CFB锅炉炉内脱硫效率的影响研究

炉内脱硫效率影响因素诸多,其中Ca/S是影响循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫效率的一个重要因素。通过对1060t/h亚临界循环流化床锅炉进行脱硫试验及其所得数据的分析可知:随Ca/S的增大,炉内脱硫效率也随之增大,当Ca/S小于3时,炉内脱硫效率随其增大变化幅度较大,当Ca/S大于3时,炉内脱硫效率随其增大变化幅度较小;同一Ca/S下,840℃时炉内脱硫效率最大,脱硫剂的反应速度最佳,床温低于或高于这一温度,脱硫效率均降低,且Ca/S为3时,脱硫效率便可达90%以上。不同床温下CFB锅炉炉内脱硫效率随Ca/S改变的变化趋势可为炉内脱硫脱硫剂投入量的多少以及锅炉最佳运行床温的控制提供一定的依据,具有重要的指导意义。     

CFB锅炉炉内添加石灰石脱硫对床温和锅炉效率的影响

通过在石狮热电厂一台35t/hCFB锅炉（DG35／3．82－17型）上进行的炉内添加石灰石脱硫工业性实验，得到炉内脱硫反应过程会造成床温小幅度的下降，并按本实验工况计算，锅炉热效率也略微有所降低。但同时指出燃烧福建Ⅱ类无烟煤可以采用这种经济而简单易行的脱硫方式。     

CFB锅炉炉内添加石灰石脱硫对床温和锅炉效率的影响

通过在石狮热电厂一台 35t/hCFB锅炉 (DG35 / 3 82 - 17型 )上进行的炉内添加石灰石脱硫工业性实验 ,得到炉内脱硫反应过程会造成床温小幅度的下降 ,并按本实验工况计算 ,锅炉热效率也略微有所降低。但同时指出燃烧福建Ⅱ类无烟煤可以采用这种经济而简单易行的脱硫方式     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.