油、气管线钢的焊接局部脆化及其预防

管线钢在多道焊的２次热循环下形成的临界粗晶区是受焊区的韧性谷区。引起临界粗晶区局部脆化的主要原因，是在多道焊２次热循环的特定热过程中所形成的粗大、富碳的Ｍ—Ａ组元和表现出来的组织遗传现象。采用预备回火焊道处理可消除组织遗传现象；采用补充国火焊道处理可细化Ｍ—Ａ组元，从而消除临界粗晶区局部脆化。     

ASTM 4130钢的局部脆化研究

利用焊接热模拟试验以及金相和透射电镜技术研究了中碳调质钢ASTM 4130钢的组织转变与冲击性能的关系。结果表明,一次热循环的粗晶区和二次热循环的临界粗晶区是调质态ASTM 4130钢焊接热影响区的2个局部脆化区,相对母材韧性损失分别达94.5%和96.6%。粗晶区脆化的主要原因是大量上贝氏体和未回火马氏体的生成以及晶粒粗大;沿晶分布的"项链"状M-A组元和块状铁素体的存在是临界粗晶区脆化的主要组织因素。     

X80管线钢焊接热影响区的韧性

采用物理模拟技术以及显微分析方法对X80管线钢管焊接热影响区的组织性能变化规律进行了研究,分析了焊接热影响区性能恶化的原因,寻找了焊接接头韧性最薄弱的区域.结果表明:临界粗晶热影响区是X80管线钢管焊接热影响区韧性较差的脆化区域;当焊接二次热循环峰值温度处于(α γ)两相区时,形成的M-A组元的含量、尺寸、硬度较高,是引起X80管线钢局部脆化的主要组织因素.     

油气管线钢焊接局部脆化及断裂机理的研究

采用焊接热模拟方法和现代物理测试技术研究了管线钢焊接热影响区的韧性变化规律。结果表明,多道焊中,当二次热循环峰值温度处于(α+γ)临界区时,管线钢HAZ的韧性最低,表现为临界粗晶区局部脆化。拉伸试验和冲击试验结果表明,管线钢临界粗晶热影响区在断裂过程中,存在夹杂物形核、铁素体与M—A组元界面形核和M—A组元内部形核三种方式。M—A组元对裂纹扩展没有阻止作用。     

X80钢焊接热影响区的二次热循环组织脆化

针对X80钢的多道焊接过程,采用热模拟技术研究了不同的二次热循环峰值温度对焊接热影响区粗晶区组织和低温冲击韧性的影响。试验结果表明,经过一次热循环峰温1300℃、二次峰温800℃作用后,晶粒粗大,韧性显著下降,发生严重脆化;而经过二次热循环峰温650,950,1200℃作用,则晶粒细化,获得韧窝状断口形貌。800℃的组织脆化现象与晶粒粗化以及最快沉淀温度附近第二相粒子的大量偏析和聚集有关。     

12Cr1MoVG钢焊接接头粗晶区的再热脆化行为

采用热模拟技术研究了12Cr1MoV钢焊接接头热影响区粗晶区中的再热脆化行为。结果表明:再热温度对热影响区粗晶区的组织和性能有显著影响,随再热温度的升高,组织中的马氏体、贝氏体分解,铁素体条合并,碳化物析出量增多并聚集长大,冲击吸收能先降低后升高,硬度变化则相反;当再热温度为630℃时,热影响区粗晶区的冲击吸收能达最低值,而硬度达最高值,材料发生再热脆化;脆化的主要原因在于晶内碳化物的方向性析出以及在粗晶区晶界处大颗粒碳化物的出现。     

焊后热处理对ASTM4130钢焊接粗晶区韧性的影响

采用焊接热模拟试验研究了焊后热处理不同保温时间对ASTM4130钢焊接粗晶区组织和韧性的影响,同时分析了预热温度对粗晶区焊后热处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,经640℃不同保温时间的焊后热处理,ASTM4130钢粗晶区未发现再热脆化现象;随着保温时间的延长,冲击功先升高后降低,在保温时间为2．0h时达到峰值;在焊后热处理工艺相同的情况下,提高预热温度冲击功却稍有降低。试验证明：预热温度200℃,焊后热处理工艺为640℃×1．5h,粗晶区可获得良好的强韧性匹配。     

9%Ni钢焊接粗晶区的韧化因素

采用热模拟技术,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等现代物理测试手段,研究晶粒尺寸、残余奥氏体和M-A组元等因素对液化天然气储罐用9%Ni钢焊接粗晶区低温韧性的影响.研究结果表明,经历焊接热循环后,焊接粗晶区的韧性与母材相比有显著的下降.在焊接粗晶区中,临界粗晶区是9%Ni钢低温下主要的局部脆性区.残余奥氏体数量的变化不是韧性变化的决定因素;晶粒尺寸增加,低温韧性显著下降;M-A组元的尺寸越大、含碳量越高、数量越多,则越不利于材料的韧性.根据分析结果得出,为改善9%Ni焊接粗晶区的低温韧性、防止焊接接头发生脆性断裂,现场焊接时应采用较小的焊接热输入配合较高的层间温度来控制晶粒尺寸和显微组织.     

焊后热处理对15CrMoR(H)钢焊条电弧焊焊接头组织与性能的影响

以15CrMoR(H)耐热钢为研究对象,采用R307G焊条多道多层焊,分析了焊后热处理前后焊接热影响各分区的组织转变,并对焊接接头进行冲击试验及硬度检测。结果表明,焊后热处理前热影响区粗晶区为上贝氏体+马氏体组织,临界粗晶区在原奥氏体晶界生成链状脆性组织,导致其局部微区硬度偏高,冲击吸收能量较低,裂纹扩展区呈准解理断裂;焊后热处理后粗晶区为回火索氏体组织,临界粗晶区为晶粒内部的回火索氏体及晶界附近的链状高温回火组织,焊接接头整体硬度分布均匀,热影响区冲击吸收能量较高,断口形貌呈韧窝状的韧性断裂。     

P460NL1钢焊接热影响区再热脆化的研究

通过模拟焊接热影响区粗晶区组织,对模拟后的试样进行不同温度下的消除应力退火处理,测得其相应的冲击韧性,确定了P460NL1钢的再热脆化的温度区间,并通过对断口的分析,找出了产生再热脆化的原因,从而确定了最佳的消除应力退火温度。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.