HRS和LMC工艺对第三代镍基单晶高温合金DD33中显微孔洞的影响

采用高分辨透射X射线三维成像技术研究了传统高速凝固法(HRS)和液态金属冷却法(LMC)两种工艺制备的镍基单晶高温合金DD33中显微孔洞的三维尺寸信息,结果表明:与HRS相比,LMC工艺降低一次枝晶间距,增加共晶体积分数,使最后凝固阶段枝晶间的空隙尺寸变大,压降降低,最终降低了铸态孔的尺寸及体积分数。固溶处理后用两种工艺制备的合金中显微孔洞的体积分数都有所增加,但是用LMC工艺制备的合金中较细的枝晶和较低的偏析程度,使合金中固溶孔的体积分数显著低于用HRS工艺制备的合金。     

定向凝固 NiAl/Cr(Mo,Hf)合金的微观组织及力学性能

研究了定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5.85Mo-0.15Hf合金的微观组织与在293～1373K温度范围内的力学性能.结果表明:合金是由NiAl枝晶轴和枝晶间区(NiAl和Cr(Mo)相的共晶)组成的.经过长期固溶时效处理NiAl/Cr(Mo)合金析出少量弥散分布的Huesler相,其余Hf以固溶体方式存在.DSNiAl-28Cr-5.85Mo-0.15Hf合金具有明显的韧脆转变行为,韧脆转变温度依赖于应变速率.室温拉伸断口呈现明显的解理断裂,而韧脆转变温度在以上时,合金具有较大的变形量,断口上有许多韧窝,呈现明显的塑性断裂特征.     

Ti含量对NiAl-Cr(Mo)共晶合金凝固组织的影响

添加Ti降低了NiAl-Cr(Mo)共晶合金凝固过程中NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶生长速度,导致NiAl/Cr(Mo)胞状共晶组织的粗化,并因合金偏离共晶成分而促进先共晶NiAl相的形成.在添加Ti的NiAl-Cr(Mo)共晶合金中,Ti主要分布在基体NiAl相中.随着Ti含量的提高,过饱和的NiAl(Ti)基体发生分解,促进了Ni2AlTi相的形成,并且NiAl/Cr(Mo)胞状共晶组织发生退化.Ni-33Al-28Cr-3Mo-5Ti共晶合金的NiAl基体中析出细小的Cr(Mo)相,Cr(Mo)共晶相中析出细小的NiAl相.     

重型燃机定向结晶空心叶片凝固过程的实验与模拟

采用ProCAST软件系统研究HRS(High Rate Solidification)与LMC(Liquid Metal Cooling)工艺下,不同工艺参数对重型燃机用大型定向结晶空心叶片凝固过程的影响。结果表明:与HRS工艺相比,LMC工艺下叶片的糊状区宽度更小,固/液界面形状更加平直。LMC工艺下叶片的纵向温度梯度约为HRS工艺下的3倍;利用LMC工艺制备该燃机叶片时冷却速率为0.3~2.00℃/s,远高于HRS工艺时的冷却速率(0.05~0.16℃/s);LMC工艺下,采用低的保温炉温度仍可保证叶片获得高的温度梯度和冷却速率;而为避免缘板处杂晶对原始晶粒的阻碍,HRS工艺应当采用高的保温炉温度与更低的抽拉速率。实验与模拟结果均表明:与HRS工艺相比,利用LMC工艺制备的燃机叶片,枝晶组织显著细化。     

定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料的微观组织演变

为了研究定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料的微观组织构成及其在不同凝固速度条件下的组织演变,在高梯度定向凝固装置上制备了Cu-1.0%Cr、Cu-1.7%Cr(质量分数)两种成分的Cu基自生复合材料,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析进行了微观组织观察和相的成分分析.研究表明:Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶合金定向凝固组织为初生α相和棒状(或针状)共晶体(α β)的混合组织;Cu-1.7%Cr过共晶合金为α相、初生β相和共晶(α β)的混合组织;随着凝固速度的提高,α相一次胞(枝)晶逐渐细化,晶间距逐渐减小;共晶体(α β)分布在α相胞(枝)晶间,起到强化基体的作用;初生β相呈颗粒状不均匀地分布在α相基体上.     

Cu-Cr合金初生相对共晶生长的影响机制研究

制备了定向凝固Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶自生复合材料,研究了初生α相生长对共晶生长的影响机制,探讨了亚共晶合金中共晶的生长规律.研究结果表明,Cu-1.0%Cr合金定向凝固时,在初生α相间生长的共晶受到初生相生长的影响,在热场不定向和生长空间受限的双重作用下,共晶无定向地杂乱生长.初生α相的生长引起枝晶间液相溶质分布的变化,随着凝固速度的增大,初生α枝晶间液相溶质的浓度分布趋于平缓,成分趋近于CE.Cu-1.0%Cr合金在快速凝固条件下,初生α相生长改变了共晶的生长环境,致使形成非平衡凝固组织--离异共晶.     

Mg对共晶Al-2%Fe合金显微组织的影响

为了消除粗大针状富铁相对Al-Fe合金组织和性能的不良影响,在金属型铸造共晶Al-2?合金中添加了质量分数为0.2%一0.8%的合金元素Mg,利用光学显微镜和电子探针研究了Mg对共晶合金组织以及富铁相形态的影响.研究结果表明:共晶Al-2?合金组织为针状Al3Fe相与(α-Al)相所组成的非规则共晶组织;添加Mg后,合金组织转变为由树枝状初生(α-Al)和枝晶间网状分布共晶体所组成的亚共晶组织,富铁相尺寸显著降低;随着Mg添加量的增加,初生(α-Al)枝晶二次枝晶间距增大,一次枝晶出现熔断.     

单晶镍基合金的热处理及对蠕变性能的影响

根据差热曲线分析制定出合金的热处理工艺,结合蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了固溶温度对一种含Re单晶镍基合金蠕变性能的影响.结果表明:铸态合金组织中存在明显的成分偏析,其中元素Cr,Co,Re富集于枝晶干,元素Al,Ta,W等富集于枝晶间.采用不同温度固溶处理,合金具有不同的蠕变寿命.当固溶温度提高到1320℃时,可使合金成分的均匀化程度提高,难溶元素得到充分扩散,降低合金的枝晶干/间成分偏析,并抑制合金中TCP相的析出,可显著提高合金的蠕变抗力.与1300℃固溶处理相比较,合金经1320℃高温固溶处理后,其在1072℃,137MPa条件下的蠕变寿命由37h提高到230h.     

横向静磁场对Cu-10%Ag合金定向凝固组织的影响

在有无横向静磁场条件下进行了Cu-10%Ag(质量分数)合金定向凝固实验,研究了横向磁场对Cu-10%Ag合金的宏观组织和微观组织及硬度的影响。发现无磁场条件下,合金晶粒较长,尺寸粗大,初生Cu枝晶臂直径和间距较粗大,取向较好,共晶组织粗大;1T横向磁场条件下,晶粒细化、增多,枝晶臂直径和间距较小,取向消失,共晶组织细化,硬度提高。通过对比有无横向磁场条件下初生Cu枝晶以及共晶组织变化,讨论了横向磁场对初生Cu枝晶及共晶组织的影响机理。     

Nb基超高温合金的制备技术及定向凝固组织

Nb基超高温合金的制备技术主要包括粉末冶金、真空电弧熔炼和定向凝固等，其中定向凝固可以显著提高该合金的高低温力学性能。Nb基超高温合金的定向凝固组织主要由沿着定向凝固方向生长的初生Nbss枝晶、铌硅化物块或板条以及（Nbss＋铌硅化物）共晶等组成，定向凝固速率和固液界面前沿液相中的温度梯度会显著影响其组织形貌及尺寸。在其定向生长过程中，Nbss、铌硅化物及（Nbss＋铌硅化物）共晶各相之间竞争生长，形成不同的组织形貌及尺寸，但在合适的条件下，共晶两相可以实现平行耦合生长。     

高温合金定向凝固技术研究进展

首先回顾了定向凝固的发展历史,重点分析了液态金属冷却定向凝固的技术特点。总结了高温度梯度下制备的定向凝固法单晶高温合金在组织和性能方面的研究现状,结合作者在本领域的研究,着重分析了定向凝固温度梯度、凝固速率、晶体取向、熔体超温处理、熔体对流控制对组织和性能的作用规律和机制,认为高温度梯度定向凝固是细化组织、减少缺陷、提高合金性能的重要途径。最后展望了高温合金定向凝固的发展趋势。     

Directional Solidification Assisted by Liquid Metal Cooling

An overview of the development and current status of the directional solidification process assisted by liquid metal cooling （LMC） has been presented in this paper. The driving force of the rapid development of the LMC process has been analyzed by considering the demands of （1） newer technologies that can provide higher thermal gradients for alleviated segregation in advanced alloy systems, and （2） better production yield of the large directionally solidified superalloy components. The brief history of the industrialization of the LMC process has been reviewed, followed by the discussion on the LMC parameters including selection of the cooling media, using of the dynamic baffle, and the influence of withdrawal rates and so on. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the traditional superalloys processed by LMC, as well as the new alloys particularly developed for LMC process were then described. Finally, future aspects concerning the LMC process have been summarized.     

Effect of Solidification Interface Morphologies on Microstructures of a Ni-base Superalloy

A cast Ni-base superalloy K5 wasdirectionally solidified and various solidification in-terfaces including plane front,cellular,cellular-dendritic and dendritic were obtained in awider range of G/R ratio by using improved highwithdrawal device and liquid metal cooling experi-mental sets.The precipitation pattern of some prin-cipal phases of the alloy and correlation of the vari-ous interfaces with microstructure were studied sys-tematically.It was indicated that the morphology ofsolidification interface of superalloy K5 varied withG/R ratio and that the solidification interfacemorphologies have a considerable effect on the fea-tures of phases both precipitated duringsolidification and post-solidification.Plane frontand cellular directional solidification of superalloyK5 lead to a substantial decrease of MC carbideand elimination of γ-γ'eutectic,but makeneedle-shape M_6C carbide precipitate easily duringageing treatment.The finer dendritic structuressolidified under the condition of higher cooling ratehave less dendritic segregation and idealmicrostructure.     

Effect of cooling rate on solidification of electron beam melted silicon ingots

Solidification rate has a significant influence on purification of silicon due to segregation of impurities at a liquid–solid interface of a solidifying silicon ingot. A mathematical model is developed to evaluate time-dependent position of the liquid–solid interface and solidification rate of electron beam melted ingots. A series of solidification experiments with different cooling rates are conducted to measure position of a line which separates directionally grown columnar crystals visible in cross-sections of the solidified ingots. Results show that not the whole ingot solidifies directionally when the reduction rate of the beam current is larger than 1.67 mA/s. The position of the dividing line depends on cooling rate and the experimental trend is consistent with that resulted from theoretical simulations. Modeling shows that the solidification rate changes fast when the beam current reduces linearly that is detrimental for segregation of impurities. It also predicts that an exponential reduction of the beam current leads to a uniform solidification rate which is beneficial to segregation of impurities, though not all exponential current reductions lead to this kind of solidification behavior.     

Numerical study of heat transfer and solidification behavior of gas-atomized Fe-6.5%Si (mass fraction) droplets

During spray atomization process, the heat transfer and solidification of droplets play very important roles for the deposition quality. Due to the difficulties of experimental approach, a numerical model is developed, which integrates liquid undercooling, nucleation recalescence and post-recalescence growth to present the full solidification process of Fe-6.5%Si (mass fraction) droplet. The droplet velocity, temperature, cooling rate as well as solid fraction profiles are simulated for droplets with different sizes to demonstrate the critical role of the size effect during the solidification process of droplets. The relationship between the simulated cooling rate and the experimentally obtained secondary dendrite arm spacing is in excellent agreement with the well-established formula. The pre-constant and exponent values lie in the range of various rapid solidified Fe-based alloys reported, which indicates the validity of the numerical model.     

Mechanical properties of conventionally cast,directionally solidified,and single-crystal superalloys

Abstract

In this paper the authors compare the creep and low-cycle fatigue properties of conventional, directionally solidified, and single-crystal castings produced from nickel-base superalloys. A brief historical review describes the reasons for the evolution from wrought to cast product through directionally solidified to modern single-crystal (‘monocrystal’) castings. The influence of microstructural variations produced by the casting conditions, such as porosity and grain size, on creep and low-cycle fatigue properties are illustrated. The important aspects of postsolidification heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, and the damaging effects of impurities are described for conventional castings. The results of controlling the microstructures produced by directional solidification especially by high temperature gradient solidification are demonstrated by comparing the creep properties of directionally solidified materials with those of the conventionally cast alloys in long-term tests. The creep and low-cycle fatigue properties depend on the stress direction relative to the crystallographic directions of the material for both directionally solidified and single-crystal castings. For single crystals, individual alloys show variable dependences of properties on the crystallographic directions. Directionally solidified materials show advantages in thin sections and are less sensitive to the effects of impurities compared to conventional castings.

MST/329     

Effect of modification melt treatment on casting/chill interfacial heat transfer and electrical conductivity of Al–13% Si alloy

For successful modelling of the solidification process, a reliable heat transfer boundary condition data is required. These boundary conditions are significantly influenced by the casting and mould parameters. In the present work, the effect of sodium modification melt treatment on casting/chill interfacial heat transfer during upward solidification of an Al–13% Si alloy against metallic chills is investigated using thermal analysis and inverse modelling techniques. In the presence of chills, modification melt treatment resulted in an increase in the cooling rate of the solidifying casting near the casting/chill interfacial region. The corresponding interfacial heat flux transients and electrical conductivities are also found to be higher. This is attributed to (i) improvement in the casting/chill interfacial thermal contact condition brought about by the decrease in the surface tension of the liquid metal on addition of sodium and (ii) increase in the electronic heat conduction in the initial solidified shell due to change in the morphology of silicon from a acicular type to a fine fibrous structure and increase in the ratio of the modification rating to the secondary dendrite arm spacing.     

Relationship between η phase formation and solidification rate in directionally solidified IN792 + Hf alloy

Abstract

The effect of solidification rate on the formation of η phase in a directionally solidified IN792 + Hf superalloy was studied. A Cr rich ‘precipitate free zone’ adjacent to the eutectic (γ + γ′) was noticed in the quenched directionally solidified microstructure of the alloy. The formation of the precipitate free zone was due to the solidification of eutectic (γ + γ′) which consumed a large amount of the γ′ forming elements and increased the ratio of (Ti + Hf + Ta + W)/Al in the residual liquid. The high ratio of (Ti + Hf + Ta + W)/Al in the final residual liquid induced the formation of η phase and hence η phase always appeared at the boundary between the eutectic regions and the dendrite core regions. The ratio of (Ti + Hf + Ta + W)/Al was decreased by the diffusion of elements between the residual liquid and the surrounding area. A lower solidification rate favoured the back diffusion and decreased the ratio of (Ti + Hf + Ta + W)/Al in the residual liquid, and hence reduced the formation of η phase.     

Solidification morphology and semi-solid deformation in superalloy Rene 108

A high temperature nickel-base superalloy (Rene 108) was directionally solidified by imposing various growth rates and thermal gradients using a modified Bridgeman apparatus. The scaling of the solidification structure was recorded as a function of the imposed growth variables. A special Gleeble testing procedure, developed previously where the solidified samples were quickly raised to a predetermined temperature in the semi-solid zone and fractured, was used for the measurement of fracture conditions in the semi-solid region. The effect of the solidification process variables, namely, the temperature gradient and velocity, on the fracture stress in the transverse direction was to increase the fracture stress at a given temperature. The upper hot-tearing temperature was noted to be a function of the solidification variables. The amount of strain accommodation and the hot tearing resistance was found to be influenced by the solidification microstructure. Fracture maps, which include the temperature, transverse fracture stress and temperature gradient during solidification (T-σ_T-G), for the directionally solidified microstructures are presented. Castability maps are created from the microstructure and the fracture data and display the porosity and semi-solid strength as a function of the casting variables.     

Distribution control and formation mechanism of gas inclusions in directionally solidified Al_2O_3-Er_3Al_5O_(12)-ZrO_2 ternary eutectic ceramic by laser floating zone melting

Distribution control and formation mechanism of gas inclusions formed in directionally solidified Al2O3-Er3Al5O12-ZrO2 eutectic ceramic rods are explored during laser floating zone melting. In atmospheric environment, highly-dense bubble-free eutectic rods are well fabricated at low solidification rate(<25μm/s). Gas inclusions form intermittently when the solidification rate is in the range of 25-50 μm/s,but produce continuously at higher solidification rates(100-200 μm/s). The gas inclusions exhibit an elongated finger-like pattern along the growth direction, which of the maximum value of diameter first increases and then decreases with increasing the solidification rate. Meanwhile, the volume fraction of gas inclusions increased gradually with the solidification rate. Based on the effect of surface tension gradient, heterogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles is evaluated to be the primary formation mechanism of gas inclusions.