等径弯曲通道制备的超细晶铜的疲劳性能

研究了等径弯曲通道(ECAP)变形后的超细晶T3铜在恒应力幅控制条件下的疲劳寿命和循环形变行为.通过扫描电镜观察了疲劳试样表面的滑移带,并利用电子背散射技术观察了疲劳前、后晶粒尺寸的变化.结果表明,超细晶T3铜具有较高的疲劳极限(σ-1=153 Mpa),是粗晶铜疲劳极限的2倍.在低周疲劳域内表现出疲劳软化,而在高周疲劳域内表现比较稳定的疲劳行为,甚至出现疲劳硬化.类似驻留滑移带(PSB)的剪切带与最后一次挤压的剪切面一致,剪切带的形成和晶界滑移是疲劳裂纹形核和疲劳断裂的主要原因.     

退火处理对超细晶Cu-Cr合金组织和性能的影响

对Cu-0．4Cr合金进行ECAP（等通道转角挤压）8道次的挤压，得到晶粒尺寸为500nm的等轴晶组织，然后在电阻炉内进行退火试验，通过对ECAP细晶的铜铬合金在473～873K退火1h，分析合金的组织和性能，研究该合金的硬度和导电性能。研究发现，弥散的Cr可以有效地阻止合金的晶粒长大；723K退火后，Cu-0．4Cr合金的电导率和硬度分别可达80．3％IACS和210．9HV，并有较好的综合性能。     

等通道转角挤压Al-Cu合金的应力和应变疲劳行为比较

通过恒应力和恒塑性应变控制疲劳实验,比较了等通道转角挤压四道次的Al—0．7％Cu(质量分数)合金的疲劳寿命、表面变形形貌、疲劳开裂和疲劳断口．结果表明：样品发生明显的循环软化,致使应变和应力疲劳寿命在高、低应力范围存在差别．在应变控制疲劳样品中,塑性变形既可由剪切带来承担,也可以由剪切带和形变带共同承担,进而疲劳裂纹分别沿剪切带或形变带萌生．而应力控制疲劳的塑性变形只集中在剪切带中,并导致剪切疲劳开裂．疲劳断口上存在典型的疲劳裂纹萌生区、缓慢扩展区、快速扩展区和最后瞬断区．     

等径弯曲通道变形制备高性能Cu-Cr合金的组织性能

用两种方式等径弯曲通道变形(equal-channel angular pressing,简称ECAP)制备了的具有等轴晶组织的超细晶Cu-0.4Cr合金,晶粒尺寸为500nm。研究了不同挤压方式、不同挤压道次合金的组织和性能的变化。探讨了不同退火温度对5～8道次材料导电率和硬度的影响。结果表明,经ECAP挤压后的Cu-0.4Cr合金具有很好的综合性能,拉伸强度可达565MPa;硬度和导电率分别为225 HV和66.4%IACS;723K退火1h后材料的导电率和硬度可达80.3%IACS和210.9HV;软化温度可达723K。     

等通道转角挤压过程中fcc金属的微观结构演化与力学性能

系统总结了面心立方(fcc)金属材料在等通道转角挤压(ECAP)变形后的晶粒细化、微观结构演化规律和力学性能.根据ECAP变形的特点,利用具有特殊取向的Al单晶体和Cu双晶体,经过一道次ECAP挤压发现:材料在ECAP模具对角面附近发生严重塑性变形;除了沿模具对角面切应力的作用外,沿垂直于模具对角面的切应力也起重要作用.此外,通过设计特殊取向的Cu单晶体、Al单晶体和粗晶Cu-3%Si合金经过一道次ECAP挤压,系统研究了层错能、晶粒尺寸和晶体学取向对fcc金属形变孪生所需的孪生应力的影响.对具有不同层错能的Cu-Al合金进行多道次ECAP挤压表明,随着层错能降低,Cu-Al合金的晶粒细化机制逐步从位错分割机制转变为孪生碎化机制,最小晶粒尺寸逐步减小,具有较高或较低层错能材料比中等层错能材料更容易获得均匀的微观组织;Cu-Al合金的拉伸强度和均匀延伸率随着层错能的降低同步提高,即随着层错能的降低,Cu-Al合金的强度-塑性匹配性提高.     

等通道转角挤压处理的镁合金AZ31的低周疲劳行为

研究了一道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)处理的镁合金AZ31挤压棒材的低周疲劳行为,结果表明:在塑性应变幡为0.5％时,材料表现出显著地循环软化;而在应变幅不大于0.2％时,基本表现为循环稳定或微弱的循环软化.疲劳裂纹主要萌生于细晶区,并沿着细晶区扩展,并导致最终的断裂.     

铬含量对ECAP铜铬合金组织和显微硬度的影响

制备不同质量百分含量铬的铜铬合金试样,对合金试样进行等径角挤压(ECAP)处理。然后采用金相显微镜和硬度测试仪等进行合金微观组织和力学性能的研究。结果表明,铬合金元素在合金中以颗粒状均勺分布,ECAP加工的道次越多,晶粒细化程度越大。其中Cu-7.5wt%Cr和Cu-11.25wt%Cr合金经ECAP加工处理后晶粒细化效果最为明显。同时,经过ECAP后试样各表面的显微硬度值均有不同程度的增加。     

时效时间对Al-4.5Cu-0.6Mg合金力学性能的影响

通过硬度测试和拉伸性能测试,研究了时效时间对热挤压Al-4.5Cu-0.6Mg合金力学性能的影响;利用SEM对Al-4.5Cu-0.6Mg合金拉伸断口形貌进行观察。结果表明:随时效时间的延长,Al-4.5Cu-0.6Mg合金的硬度和强度先增大后减小,断裂伸长率明显降低,其中在180℃时效10 h时,合金表现出良好的综合力学性能;固溶+时效态Al-4.5Cu-0.6Mg合金的断口呈现沿晶和穿晶混合断裂特征。     

ECAP对连铸Cu-Ag合金断口形态及力学性能的影响

采用连续铸造和等径角挤压变形(ECAP)加工集成技术制备Cu-Ag合金,研究其力学性能和相应的拉伸断口形态。研究发现,Cu-Ag合金的强度随着ECAP加工道次和Ag含量的增加而增加,而延伸率却下降。连续铸造和ECAP加工的合金与传统浇铸和ECAP加工的合金相比,缩颈前静态韧性有所提高。同时发现,只有连铸的Cu-Ag合金在断裂前表现出缩颈现象,而经ECAP挤压后试样的断裂变为剪切模式,随着ECAP道次的增加出现不同的剪切断裂角。基于实验结果,讨论了经ECAP挤压后连铸Cu-Ag合金的拉伸断裂机制。     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶Mg15Al双相合金组织与性能

对高铝双相合金Mg15Al在553K以Bc路线进行了不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP),获得了超细晶高铝镁合金。通过OM,SEM,TEM分析了ECAP前后合金的微观组织结构及断口形貌,并测试了不同挤压道次后合金的硬度和室温拉伸性能,分析了ECAP细化晶粒机理及其性能改善原因。结果表明,随挤压道次增加,累计形变增强,网状硬脆相β-Mg17Al12破碎,合金晶粒显著细化,但对单相区和两相混合区细化效果不同。在α、β两相共存区内,4道次ECAP后形成100nm～200nm的细晶粒;在α单相区,4道次ECAP后晶粒为1μm以下,且在初晶α-Mg内析出弥散细小的β相,起到细晶强化和弥散强化作用。8道次ECAP后,晶粒略有长大。ECAP使合金的硬度、抗拉强度和延伸率同时得到提高,尤其是4道次ECAP后,硬度提高了32.04%,抗拉强度σb从150MPa提高到269.3MPa,延伸率δ由0.05%提高到7.4%;8道次ECAP后,硬度、抗拉强度略有下降,延伸率略有上升。SEM断口观察显示ECAP使合金拉伸断口形貌由铸态的解理断裂特征转变为延性韧窝断裂特征。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.