Optimizing friction stir welding parameters to maximize tensile strength of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. In contrast to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile play a major role in determining the joint strength. An attempt has been made here to develop a mathematical model to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. A central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The response surface method (RSM) has been used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model has been optimized using the Hooke and Jeeves search technique to maximize the tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

Multi-Response Optimization of Friction-Stir-Welded AA1100 Aluminum Alloy Joints

AA1100 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures. Friction stir welding process (FSW) is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. The process and tool parameters of FSW play a major role in deciding the joint characteristics. In this research, the relationships between the FSW parameters (rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter, and tool hardness) and the responses (tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion rate) were established. The optimal welding conditions to maximize the tensile strength and minimize the corrosion rate were identified for AA1100 aluminum alloy and reported here.     

Comparison of RSM with ANN in predicting tensile strength of friction stir welded AA7039 aluminium alloy joints

Friction stir welding(FSW) is an innovative solid state joining technique and has been employed in aerospace, rail, automotive and marine industries for joining aluminium, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, play a major role in deciding the weld quality. Two methods, response surface methodology and artificial neural network were used to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA7039 aluminium alloy. The experiments were conducted based on three factors, three-level, and central composite face centered design with full replications technique, and mathematical model was developed. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify critical parameters. The results obtained through response surface methodology were compared with those through artificial neural networks.     

Influences of tool pin profile and welding speed on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA2219 aluminium alloy

AA2219 aluminium alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength to weight ratio. Compared to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters and tool pin profile play major roles in deciding the weld quality. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to understand the effect of welding speed and tool pin profile on FSP zone formation in AA2219 aluminium alloy. Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular and square) have been used to fabricate the joints at three different welding speeds. The formation of FSP zone has been analysed macroscopically. Tensile properties of the joints have been evaluated and correlated with the FSP zone formation. From this investigation it is found that the square pin profiled tool produces mechanically sound and metallurgically defect free welds compared to other tool pin profiles.     

7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺优化

接头强度是搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的一个重要指标,通过搅拌头旋转频率、焊接速度和轴肩下压量等焊接工艺参数的不同组合制备了35个7A52焊接试板,对试板进行拉伸试验检测了接头的抗拉强度,建立并分析了焊接接头抗拉强度与焊接工艺参数之间的回归模型,搅拌头旋转频率n,焊接速度v和轴肩下压量d<,ta>单独变化时,接头抗拉强度都有峰值...     

铝合金超声搅拌复合焊接

铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）通常在焊接区形成上高下低”浅漏斗状”的温度场,使焊缝厚度方向的组织性能差异较大．为了得到更好的焊接效果,文中提出超声搅拌复合焊思想,将超声波通过搅拌头导入焊缝纵深处,以改善焊缝组织性能．试验采用2．5mm厚的2219铝合金分别用上述两种方法进行焊接,并对焊缝的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析比较...     

Multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding parameters using desirability approach to join Al/SiCp metal matrix composites

Silicon carbide particulate (SiC_p) reinforced cast aluminium (Al) based metal matrix composites (MMCs) have gained wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high specific strength, high temperature capability and good wear resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters play major role in deciding the performance of welded joints. The ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and weld nugget hardness of friction stir butt welded joints of cast Al/SiC_p MMCs (AA6061 with 20% (volume fraction) of SiC_p) were investigated. The relationships between the FSW process parameters (rotational speed, welding speed and axial force) and the responses (ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and weld nugget hardness) were established. The optimal welding parameters to maximize the mechanical properties were identified by using desirability approach. From this investigation, it is found that the joints fabricated with the tool rotational speed of 1370 r/min, welding speed of 88.9 mm/min, and axial force of 9.6 kN yield the maximum ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and hardness of 265 MPa, 201 MPa and HV114, respectively.     

6061铝合金FSW接头与MIG焊接头对比试验

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊分别对6061铝合金板进行了焊接试验,测试了焊接接头的强度,观察了焊接接头的金相组织,并进行了接头的硬度分布测试.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度高达212.05 MPa,是母材抗拉强度的86％,比MIG焊的接头强度略高.焊接接头软化区宽度比MIG焊接头软化宽度窄.6061铝合金母材为典型的轧制组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,MIG焊接头焊缝为柱状晶组织.     

Optimization of friction stir welding process to maximize tensile strength of AA6061/ZrB<Subscript>2</Subscript> in-situ composite butt joints

A variety of ceramic particles is added to aluminum alloys to produce aluminum matrix composites (AMCs). Establishing the joining procedure for AMCs is an essential requirement prior to extending their applications. Friction stir welding (FSW) is an emerging solid state welding which eliminates all the defects associated with fusion welding of AMCs. An attempt has been made to friction stir weld AA6061/ ZrB₂ in-situ composite. A four factor, five level central composite rotatable design has been used to minimize the number of experiments. The four factors considered are tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and weight percentage of ZrB₂. A mathematical model has been developed incorporating the FSW process parameters to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and FS process is optimized using generalized reduced gradient method (GRG) to maximize the UTS. The effect of process parameters on UTS was analyzed. It was observed that the process parameters independently influence the UTS over the entire range studied in this work.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an new solid-phase joining technology which has more advantages over fusion welding methods in welding of aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The effects of welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure during friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy were studied in this paper. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electric microscopy ( SEM ) , micro-hardness analysis, and tensile test. Experimental results show that the magnesium alloy can be successfully welded by FSW method, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of FSW joint reaches up to 90 percent of base metal. The microstructures of welded joints exhibit the variation from dynamically recrystallized fine grains to greatly deformed grains. Hardness in nugget zone was found lower than the base metal but not too obvious.     

Assessing the Bonding Interface Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Bobbin Tool Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Alloy Joints

This study focuses on the bonding interface characteristics and mechanical properties of the bobbin tool friction stir welded dissimilar AA6056 and AA2219 aluminum alloy joints using different welding speeds.Voids arise solely in the stir zone at the AA2219 side.A distinct boundary with limited material mixing develops at the middle section of the bonding inter-face,while excellent material mixing with an irregularly jagged pattern forms at the top and bottom sections of the bonding interface.Increasing the welding speed,the material mixing is rarely changed at the middle section in comparison with the bottom section.Furthermore,a small difference between Guinier-Preston dissolution and Q phase precipitation leads to rare change of hardness in the heat affected zone(HAZ)at the AA6056 side.The increased hardness of the HAZ at the AA2219 side is attributed to avoidance of the dissolution of θ"phase precipitates.A maximum tensile strength of 181 MPa is obtained at 300 mm min-1.Fractures occur at the AA6056 side near the top and bottom surfaces and at the bonding interface in the middle section of the joints.The regions close to the top and bottom surfaces of the joints show a better ductility.     

焊接方法对AA2219铝合金接头性能的影响(英文)

使用钨电极惰性气体保护焊接、电子束焊接和搅拌摩擦焊接技术制备无填充金属的AA2219铝合金对焊接头。研究三种焊接工艺对材料拉伸、疲劳和腐蚀行为的影响。使用光学和电子显微镜研究显微结构。结果表明,与钨电极惰性气体保护焊和电子束焊接相比,搅拌摩擦焊制备的接头具有较高的拉伸和疲劳性能与较低的耐蚀性能,这主要是由于其中的细化晶粒和均匀分布的强化析出相所引起的。     

LF6/LD10铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对接头性能的影响

通过LF6／LD10铝合金搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）的工艺试验研究，分析了工艺参数对其接头性能的影响。结果表明，当搅拌头的旋转速度值较低时，提高焊接速度有利于提高接头的抗拉强度值。当旋转速度值较高时，提高焊接速度对接头性能的影响不大。焊接速度较低时，改变旋转速度对于接头的力学性能影响不大；焊接速度较高时，提高旋转速度将会降低接头的力学性能。其它参数相同的条件下，材料所处的位置对接头拉伸性能的影响不大。其它条件相同，在焊接速度和旋转速度都较低时，使用无螺纹的搅拌头所得到的接头性能要优于带有螺纹的搅拌头施焊所得接头的性能；在焊接速度和旋转速度都较高时，搅拌针上的螺纹对于接头的力学性能的影响不大。     

Homogeneity of Mechanical Properties of Underwater Friction Stir Welded 2219-T6 Aluminum Alloy

Underwater friction stir welding (FSW) has been demonstrated to be available for the improvement in tensile strength of normal FSW joints. In order to illuminate the intrinsic reason for strength improvement through underwater FSW, a 2219 aluminum alloy was underwater friction stir welded and the homogeneity of mechanical properties of the joint was investigated by dividing the joint into three layers. The results indicate that the tensile strength of the three layers of the joint is all improved by underwater FSW, furthermore, the middle and lower layers have larger extent of strength improvement than the upper layer, leading to an increase in the homogeneity of mechanical properties of the joint. The minimum hardness value of each layer, especially the middle and lower layers, is improved under the integral water cooling effect, which is the intrinsic reason for the strength improvement of underwater joint.     

Influences of process parameters on tensile strength of friction stir welded cast A319 aluminium alloy joints

Fusion welding of cast A319 (Al-Si-Cu) alloy will lead to many problems including porosity, micro-fissuring, and hot cracking. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) can be used to weld A319 alloy without these defects. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of FSW process parameters on the tensile strength of A319 alloy welded joints. Joints were made using different combinations of tool rotation speed, welding speed, and axial force, each at four levels. The quality of weld zone was analyzed using macrostructure and microstructure analysis. Tensile strength of the joints were evaluated and correlated with the weld zone microstructure. The joint fabricated with a 1200 rpm tool rotation speed, 40 mm/min welding speed, and 4 kN axial force showed superior tensile strength compared with the other joints.     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸态A356铝合金抗拉强度的影响(英文)

A356是一种高强度铝硅铸造态合金,广泛用于食品、化工、船舶、电器和汽车行业。熔焊这种铸造合金时存在许多问题,如孔隙、微裂隙、热裂等。然而,用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)来焊接这种铸造态合金可以避免上述缺陷发生。研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造态A356铝合金抗拉强度的影响;对旋转速度、焊接速度和轴向力等工艺参数进行优化;从宏观和微观组织分析角度对焊接区的质量进行分析;对焊接接头的抗拉强度进行了测定,并对抗拉强度与焊缝区硬度和显微组织的相关性进行了研究。在旋转速度1000r/min、焊接速度75mm/min和轴向力5kN的条件下得到的焊接接头具有最高的抗拉强度。     

Optimizing Friction Stir Welding via Statistical Design of Tool Geometry and Process Parameters

This article considers optimization procedures for friction stir welding (FSW) in 5083-H321 aluminum alloy, via control of weld process parameters and tool design modifications. It demonstrates the potential utility of the ??force footprint?? (FF) diagram in providing a real-time graphical user interface (GUI) for process optimization of FSW. Multiple force, torque, and temperature responses were recorded during FS welding using 24 different tool pin geometries, and these data were statistically analyzed to determine the relative influence of a number of combinations of important process and tool geometry parameters on tensile strength. Desirability profile charts are presented, which show the influence of seven key combinations of weld process variables on tensile strength. The model developed in this study allows the weld tensile strength to be predicted for other combinations of tool geometry and process parameters to fall within an average error of 13%. General guidelines for tool profile selection and the likelihood of influencing weld tensile strength are also provided.     

AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺窗口的建立

建立AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接的工艺窗口。采用不同的工艺参数如旋转速度和焊接速度来焊接该铝合金。通过对焊接接头的宏观形貌分析,建立搅拌摩擦焊的工艺窗口。通过拉伸试验、显微组织观察,对工艺窗口不同区域的接头强度进行分析。焊接接头断裂的位置与最低硬度分布相关。所建立的工艺窗口可以用来选择适当的工艺参数来获得高质量的AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接。     

Process parameters optimization for friction stir welding of RDE-40 aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique

Taguchi approach was applied to determine the most influential control factors which will yield better tensile strength of the joints of friction stir welded RDE-40 aluminium alloy. In order to evaluate the effect of process parameters such as tool rotational speed, traverse speed and axial force on tensile strength of friction stir welded RDE-40 aluminium alloy, Taguchi parametric design and optimization approach was used. Through the Taguchi parametric design approach, the optimum levels of process parameters were determined. The results indicate that the rotational speed, welding speed and axial force are the significant parameters in deciding the tensile strength of the joint. The predicted optimal value of tensile strength of friction stir welded RDE-40 aluminium alloy is 303 MPa. The results were confirmed by further experiments.