Study on Drying Organic Sludges by Thermal Jet Dryer—Part 1: Drying Performance of Thermal Jet Dryer

The authors are developing a thermal jet dryer (TJD), with a vertical disc-shaped drying tank, for the purpose of weight and volume reduction of solid wastes with high water content, such as organic sludges. In order to obtain the drying performance of TJD, drying experiments using three kinds of solid wastes were carried out. The following results were obtained: (1) Drying performance depended most on the disintegration characteristics of sample. (2) There was little influence of the samples' properties on the gas–solid multiphase flow in the tank. (3) There was a critical feed rate at which the drying performance changed drastically.     

Exergetic Analysis of Textile Convective Drying with Stenters by Subsystem Models: Part 2—Parametric Study on Exergy Analysis

In this study, the effects of exhaust air humidity ratio, the residual moisture content of fabric outlet, and the temperature of the drying air on the exergy destruction and efficiency of stenters were investigated. The exergy efficiencies of the direct gas heated stenter (DGHS) and hot oil heated stenter (HOHS) were calculated to be varying from 8.5 to 17.5% and from 6.8 to 14.0%, depending on the exhaust air humidity ratio, respectively. The increase in the drying air temperature led to an increase in the exergy efficiency, especially in the constant rate and second rate period of the drying. On the other hand, the application of the gradual temperature method caused the highest total exergy efficiency due to the highest drying rates in the first chambers where considerably high air temperatures were set. Overdrying resulted in the higher irreversibility due to the increase in the fuel consumption in the falling rate period of drying. Thus, the exergy efficiency decreased drastically.     

Study on Shrinkage Deformation of Food in Microwave–Vacuum Drying

Drying shrinkage is an important problem in the food industry. Focusing on microwave–vacuum drying, we study the mechanism of deformation due to shrinkage of the food structure. A relationship between the strain and the water content is introduced for a finite element analysis. The temperature and water distributions are obtained by a finite difference method with the use of a variable permeability and diffusion coefficient depending on the water content. Comparisons with experimental data on radishes, carrots, and tofu indicate that the present model can express the deformation as well as the water content inside the materials.     

Study on the Characteristics of SiO2 Distribution and Silicate Phases in MgO—ZrO2 Composites

This work studied the characteristics of SiO2 distribution and structure of silicate phases in MgO-ZrO2 composites synthesizedby raw materials of light fired magnesite nd zircon,The results indicate that 30 wt%-40wt% SiO2 content in the system is existed in the form of crystalline of forsterite (M2S),the remaindering of SiO content (60wt%0-70wt%) is existed in the glass phase,The chemical composition of glass phase is well agreed with the chemical composition of monticellite(CMS).     

Spray Evaporation of Different Liquids in a Drying Chamber——Effect on Flow,Heat and Mass Transfer Performances

Almost without exception literature data and modeling effort are understandably devoted to water as the sprayed liquid since it constitutes the most common liquid used in spray drying applications. In selected applications, however, the liquid making up the solution or suspension may not be water. The objective of this work is to examine the differences in flow patterns, thermal behavior and drying rates caused by different liquids having different thermo-physical properties spray into a spray dryer using a computational fluid dynamic model. Numerical experiments were carried out for water (base case), ethyl alcohol and isopropyi alcohol-the latter two as model non-aqueous liquids. The chamber geometry was cylinder type with a co-current axial pressure nozzle and also an axial central exit so that the configuration is two dimensional and axi-symmetric. It is shown that the liquid properties can have major influence on the thermal field, droplet trajectories, residence times and overall evaporation capaci     

Study of Thermal Expansion of Al2O3—MgO—C Bricks Used in Ladles

The reason that Al2O3-MgO-C bricks and Al2O3-Spinel-C bricks excesively expand when used in ladles at high temperature has been analysed,and the effects of spinels aadding amount and their chemical constituents on ther-mal expanion have been studied ,It is pointed out that adding amount of spinels and their chemical contents are the key factors to bring the excessive expansion of above-mentioned bricks at high temperature under control.     

Thermal dehydrochlorination of pure PVC polymer: Part I—thermal degradation kinetics by thermogravimetric analysis

Thermal degradation of PVC occurs in two stages, with each stage subdivided into two substages. The first refers to the dehydrochlorination, where hydrochloric acid is formed, and giving polyene structures. Hitherto, the degradation mechanism and action of hydrochloric acid as a catalyst during the dehydrochlorination stage are poorly known. Recently, the importance of the tacticity has gained attention for its influence on the dehydrochlorination mechanism. The present work focused on the dehydrochlorination stage, studying the molecular structure by FTIR analysis and the kinetic parameters by TGA analysis in Nitrogen atmosphere, based on three mathematical methods: Friedman, Kissinger, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa. The sample was a pure homopolymer obtained by suspension polymerization. The dehydrochlorination kinetics follows a first order reaction model and occurs by nucleation and growth. The dehydrochlorination begins with the loss of very labile chlorine atoms present in defective and isotactic molecular segments. The formed HCl acts as a catalyst in the degradation. Following 40% conversion, a drop in Ea is observed. After that, chlorine atoms present in syndiotactic and atactic sequences, are released and, added to the large number of polyene chain sequences, and an increase in Ea is observed up to 60% conversion, where the dehydrochlorination stage is concluded.     

Exergetic Analysis of Textile Convective Drying with Stenters by Subsystem Models: Part 1—Exergetic Modeling and Evaluation

This study, which consists of two parts, deals with the exergy analyses and assessments of the direct gas–heated (DGHS) and hot oil–heated (HOHS) stenters. In the first part, a new model for the exergetic analysis of the convective drying of textiles at stenters was presented and the variations of exergetic parameters for each chamber of the stenter were examined. It was emphasized that the exergy efficiency of the last chambers decreased drastically due to the lower evaporation rate of the falling rate period of drying. Additionally, the subsystems of the chambers were analyzed. For this purpose, the detailed control volume models were conducted for the stenters. It was determined that the combustion chamber and mixing unit of the DGHS and the hot oil boiler of the HOHS led to higher exergy destruction rates. Furthermore, total exergy destruction and loss rates of the HOHS were higher compared to those with the DGHS. The exergy efficiency values of each chamber of the DGHS were calculated to be 10.9, 14.9, 15.3, 12.2, 9.8, and 5.3%, respectively.     

Enhancement of Drying Rate in Paper Machines with Multi-Functional Radial Jet Reattachment Blow Boxes — Theoretical Analysis

ABSTRACT

Multi-functional radial jet reattachment blow boxes deliver a dry air into the pockets of the dryer section of a paper machine by impinging directly onto the unsuppned sheet in the open diaw. The air flow also maintains or improves the sheet swbility.

The iadial jet reattachment blow box technology pmvides a significant enhancement in drying rates. The theoretical drying results are presented in terms of average drying rates, moisture and temperature pmfiles along the drying section with and without the presence of the multi-functional radial jet reaaachment blow boxes. The thcorclical results indicate that enhancements of drying rates within the range of 8% to 25% are feasible depending on ihe operating conditions and machine configuration.     

Spray Drying of Aqueous Salbutamol Sulfate Solutions Using the Nano Spray Dryer B-90—The Impact of Process Parameters on Particle Size

In order to prepare spherical salbutamol sulfate particles of adjustable size, a Nano Spray Dryer B-90 was employed. A 3³ full-factorial design was used to investigate the influence of process parameters (mesh size, feed concentration, and drying air temperature) on particle size (median size and width of the particle size distribution), amount of product produced per time, and product yield. The median particle size was significantly influenced by all three factors of the statistical design. Within the design space studied, particle sizes of 1.0 to 6.4 µm were obtained. The width of the particle size distribution (span) increased with increasing mesh sizes. All particles with a particle size greater than 2.4 µm showed a bimodal particle size distribution. Generally, larger mesh sizes as well as higher concentrations led to an increase in the amount of product prepared per time. The corresponding values observed were from 0.4 to 75.8 mg/min. The product yield was independent of the process parameters studied. All products were amorphous after spray drying and were stable up to a relative humidity of 60% at a temperature of 25°C.     

Improvement on Thermal Conductivity Measurement Involved in ISO 8894—2

Measurements of thermal conductivity of some materials have been conducted using parallel hot wire method desribed in ISO8894-2,With improved techniques,the measuring range has been extended ,It is suggested that this method be used to determine thermal conductivity of various refractories more widely.     

Photoluminescence Study of Low Thermal Budget III–V Nanostructures on Silicon by Droplet Epitaxy

We present of a detailed photoluminescence characterization of high efficiency GaAs/AlGaAs quantum nanostructures grown on silicon substrates. The whole process of formation of the GaAs/AlGaAs active layer was realized via droplet epitaxy and migration enhanced epitaxy maintaining the growth temperature ≤350°C, thus resulting in a low thermal budget procedure compatible with back-end integration of the fabricated materials on integrated circuits.     

An Experimental Study on Thermal Characteristics of Laurie Acid as a Latent Heat Storage Material during Melting Process

The objective of this study was to establish the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid (95% purity) as a latent heat storage material filled in the annulus of vertical concentric double pipe during its melting process. The temperature data were used to determine the thermal characteristics, including the temporal temperature variations and the effects of the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the heat transfer coefficient and the heat charging fraction during the melting process. The results indicated that the time to reach to heat charging fraction of 1.0 could be altered by changing the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.     

Carbonation of geothermal grouts — Part 3: CO2 attack on grouts containing bentonite

Addition of several percent bentonite to geothermal grout formulations allows high W/S ratios to be used providing slurries with low densities and high fluidity. The hardened grouts barely meet the API requirements for permeability and require high silica additions to do this. Release of aluminum ions from the clay/Ca(OH)₂ interaction produces Al-substituted tobermorite which persists to 250°C. This phase does provide a strong impermeable binder when the grouts are water cured, but it is rapidly carbonated. All grouts which contained tobermorite showed large increases in permeability when carbonated and low durability in the presence of carbonated fluids.     

Effect of ZrO2 Additives on the Thermal Shock Resistance of MgO—MA Refractory

The additirn of three kins ZrO2-bearing additives into MgO-MA refractory could all increase the latter‘s C.C.S.and the thermal shock resistance,XRD,polarizing microscope and electron probe analysis were used to analyze the mechanism to improve the thermal shock resistance of the material.The mechanism is that ZrO added into the material improves the microstructure,introduces asppropriate micro cracks into matrix ,enhances the matrix,and therefore increases the thermal shock resistance of ther refractory.     

Thermal evaluation of the use of porous ceramic plates on ventilated façades—part II: Thermal behavior

The effects of porous ceramic plates on the thermal behavior of ventilated façades were evaluated, and the results are presented herein. Thermal behavior in a ventilated façade of specimens containing 40 wt% of lime mud and a firing temperature of 1100°C was evaluated and compared with a commercial porcelain ceramic tile, which was the reference material. An experimental apparatus was designed to evaluate the thermal performance of the studied ventilated façades. The results revealed that the ventilated façade composed of the studied porous ceramic tiles produced a greater reduction in temperature between the external environmental and the interior of a box representing a building (ΔT5) of 65.7°C, compared with the façade composed of the commercial porcelain ceramic tiles (ΔT5 = 56.0°C) and even the traditional façade (ΔT5 = 49.1°C). Thus, porous ceramic tiles based on byproducts are promising candidates for ventilated façade systems.