“双碳”目标下石化行业关键低碳技术综合评估分析与减排贡献研究

作为主要的温室气体排放部门,石化行业在“双碳”目标下面临着巨大的减排压力,然而目前学术界对于石化行业排放特征、关键技术评估以及减排贡献的研究还不够深入。文章构建了石化低碳技术综合评估优化模型,基于实证数据识别企业排放特征,结合行业特点对关键低碳技术进行综合评估,测算“双碳”目标下低碳技术的减排贡献。结果表明,现阶段新兴低碳技术由于安全性、成本等因素无法在石化行业广泛应用,节能仍是企业短期减排的重要措施;长期来看,能源结构调整将发挥越来越重要的作用。此外不同板块企业的排放构成差异巨大,低碳技术选择也需有所侧重。     

Optimized integration of renewable energy technologies into Alberta’s oil sands industry

An energy optimization model for the integration of renewable technologies into the energy infrastructure of the oil sands industry is presented. The proposed model determines the optimal configuration of oil producers and the energy infrastructure required to meet their energy demands. The model is geared toward the minimization of cost subject to carbon dioxide emission constraints. A mixed integer non-linear optimization model is developed that simultaneously optimizes capacity expansion and new investment decisions of conventional and renewable energy technologies. To illustrate its applicability, the proposed model was applied to a case study using data reported in the literature for various years of oil sands operations. A rolling horizon approach was implemented to determine the effect of investment decisions of previous operational years on the selection of new investment options. Results were compared with and without the incorporation of renewable energy technologies. The results obtained indicate that the proposed model is a practical tool that can be employed to evaluate and plan oil sands and energy producers for future scenarios. Moreover, the results show that renewable energy technologies have significant potential in reducing reliance on fossil-fuel based technologies and their associated CO₂ emissions. The emission constraints set for the operational year 2025 can only be achieved by the incorporation of renewables in the energy production mix.     

基于产业关联度分析与煤相关行业节能技术评价

为评价与煤炭相关重点行业的节能技术,利用因子分析和聚类分析得出与煤相关的重点行业,计算出这些行业的产业联系广度与产业联系深度,分析了这些行业节能技术的使用方式及使用优势,运用优劣机威分析法分析了这些行业使用煤炭节能技术的实际因素,运用生命周期分析法分析了这些行业使用煤炭的节能技术的生命周期。与煤相关重点产业节能技术的使用方式主要为该产业产品直接消耗煤炭或间接消耗煤炭、煤炭直接消耗该产业产品或被该产业产品替代,使用优势主要为节约成本、节能减排、技术简便;与煤相关重点行业主要包括4个主要节能技术方向:煤天然气共气化制备合成气及煤气化技术、高效转换二次能源技术、高效喷吹塑料及喷煤技术、窑炉替代燃料混烧代煤技术。     

Advanced development in upstream of petroleum industry using nanotechnology

Nowadays, energy supply is one of the most important issues due to limitation of oil, gas and coal sources. Because of rapid population, civilization and energy consumption growth, the improved technologies to make optimal use of the sources, solving related problems and finding new energy sources are important. More than 10 years ago, nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies has also been applied to progress in the oil and gas industry (upstream, midstream and downstream). The experience of these years has shown that application of nanotechnology in the oil industry improves the exploration of crude oil and natural gas (underground or deep water), drilling and bringing the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface, as well as transportation, storage, processing and purifying methods. Nanoparticles with high specific surface area, pore volume and small size show unique physical and chemical properties, which could be applied in several applications. In this regard, many researchers have been focused on various nanoparticles for upstream industries and studied their potential in oil exploration, drilling, production and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Also, in downstream and midstream which involve refining of crude oil, processing and purifying of raw natural gas, transportation and storage of crude or refined petroleum products, the nanomaterials have been used to improve the quality of oil and make it appropriate for the environment. Lowering sulfur gasoline, enhancing the octane number and coating the transportation system are among the goals that have been achieved successfully using nanotechnology. In this work, various types of nanoparticles such as metallic, metal oxide, hybrid nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, nano-composites and their applications in oil upstream industry are reviewed. Also, their usage in different types of oil upstream processes is discussed.     

Preliminary Analysis of Fuel Cell Derived Technologies Applied to Energy Conservation in the Chlor-alkali Industry

Abstract

In this work we investigated the application of four fuel cell derived technologies for energy conservation in the chlor-alkali industry. They include: (1) H₂-Cl₂ fuel cell (HCLFC), (2) electrochemical concentrator (ECC), (3) alkaline H₂-O₂ fuel cell (AFC), and (4) air depolarized chlor-alkali cell (ADCAC). We have developed performance models for the various fuel cell derived systems and combined them with an economic model to predict the benefits of a particular technology to the chlor-alkali process. The results of a differential net present value economic analysis conducted for each of these technologies is presented and discussed. All the fuel cell derived technologies investigated exhibit potential for significant energy savings in the chlor-alkali industry. Our economic analysis indicates that the commercial attractiveness for the above technologies is in the order: CAC + HClFC > CAC + ECC > CAC + ECC + AFC > CAC + AFC > ADCAC. Increasing the lifetime of the gas diffusion electrodes and minimizing the cost of the electrochemical modules appear to be the major challenges impeding the speedy implementation of the fuel cell derived technologies in the chlor-alkali industry.     

退役锂离子电池正极材料直接回收的研究现状和展望

随着全球各国大力发展新能源汽车产业,以锂离子电池（LIBs）为主的动力电池数量急剧增长。然而,LIBs的使用寿命有限,早期装机的LIBs在近几年已达到其退役要求。大量的退役电池亟需有效地回收处理,否则会对环境和人类造成危害,同时导致贵金属资源的流失。传统的电池回收技术以火法和湿法回收为主,能够实现对退役LIBs各种成分的精细化回收及再利用,但通常污染大、能耗高、回收周期长。因此,亟需开发绿色、节能、高效的LIBs回收技术。近年来,新兴的电池材料直接回收技术因工艺简单、碳排放少、能耗低、回收周期短等优势而备受关注。综述了目前主流的正极材料直接回收技术及其优缺点,分析了其在低成本、低能耗等方面的贡献,并对正极材料的功能化及LIBs闭环回收的最新进展做了介绍。最后,展望了退役LIBs正极材料及其他组分回收再利用的前景和发展趋势,旨在为电池回收领域研究提供参考。     

Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: Will it compete?

Potable water as well as water for agriculture and industry is critical to human habitation on this planet. We have been squandering and polluting this precious resource and are now in need of finding cost competitive newer technologies for reclaiming this valuable life-sustaining liquid. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrochemical water treatment process that holds the promise of not only being a commercially viable alternative for treating water but for saving energy as well. CDI works by sequestering ions, or other charged species, in the electrical double layer of ultracapacitors. While removing these ions, one actually stores capacitive energy. If one recovers this energy efficiently, this process likely consumes less power than any competing technology. This paper reviews current methods for treating water in comparison to the state of art of the CDI process.     

Financial and Ecological Evaluation of Hydrogen Production Processes on Large Scale

Hydrogen is widely seen as energy carrier of the future. Different technologies are under development to produce hydrogen at competitive cost but with significantly reduced carbon footprint. Two conventional technologies, namely, methane steam reforming and coal gasification, are compared based on product cost and carbon footprint with four new technologies, i.e., metal‐oxide cycle, water electrolysis, biomass gasification, and methane pyrolysis. To evaluate the carbon footprint for methane pyrolysis, system extension and differential methods are applied. For the boundary conditions selected here, methane pyrolysis yields very good values for product cost and carbon footprint. Therefore, a cross industry technology development of methane pyrolysis was initiated.     

我国地热产业发展机遇、挑战及对策分析

在能源革命战略出台及实施背景下,我国地热产业得到快速发展。近年地热勘查力度加大,开发利用规模持续增长。未来非化石能源发展力度加大,供热地域布局调整,大气污染治理、分布式能源发展以及政策扶持力度持续加大将为地热产业提供重要发展机遇。各地区地热发展目标和路线尚不明晰,关键技术缺乏,投资成本较高以及管理不规范是地热产业发展面临的主要挑战。结合国家能源发展战略规划,提出地热产业发展目标、路线图及对策建议。     

过滤分离技术在能源、水及环境领域的应用及发展

19世纪末到20世纪的工业革命期间,随着电力、石油、汽车等工业的发展,人类对能源的使用和消耗以指数速度迅速增长。能源开采、生产及使用等行为导致全球气候变暖、资源匮乏,人类的健康和生存受到威胁。保护环境、节省资源、开发新能源便成为现代工业发展以及人类生产生活的核心,而提高效率、减少污染,再生、再利用及持续性发展则成为发展的主要驱动力。过滤分离作为一种低能耗技术过程,近年来其应用领域在能源、资源及环境方面得到深广的发展,而其自身产品技术则同时得到日新月异的发展。其发展趋势体现在高能效、低能耗、自动、连续、更高的分离精度,更广的温度压力适用范围,更长的使用寿命以及更低的对环境的影响。本文围绕环境、资源、能源等方面现在及未来的应用需求,重点介绍欧美近年来过滤分离在如页岩天然气开采中的采出水处理,生物柴油、生物甲烷等可再生能源,水处理,工业废气、汽车尾气及室内空气过滤等方面的新技术新产品,以及传统过滤分离技术的新应用,并对过程计算模拟的发展应用及过滤分离基础理论研究状况做了简略介绍。     

节能减排环保型棉用染料的新发展和应用

节能减排是我国经济发展的基本国策,我国印染行业为了实现行业振兴开发了和正在开发不少节能减排新工艺与新技术。该文阐述了为适应印染行业需要而发展的节能减排环保型棉用染料和它们的应用。它们在振兴印染工业中将起着重要的作用。     

聚四氟乙烯在锌-空气电池中的应用

为了改进锌－空气电池空气电极的、配方及工艺,笔者选用憎水型聚合物聚四氟乙烯作为空气电极的制膜基材和粘结剂,对其在电极中的用量及工艺参数进行了优化研究,并利用扫描电镜对电极的表观形态进行了观察,从微观结构上对电极的结构与性能关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明,所制得的空气扩散电极的电化学性能良好,由其与锌电极组装成的电池样品放电容量高达３６００mAh以上。     

提高热带硬木干燥产率的高温干燥系统

目前，商业化干燥高温干燥（HTD^TM）橡木和，或其他本土硬木未见报道。至目前为止，95％以上马来西亚木材干燥工厂采用传统低温蒸汽加热干燥系统。由马来西亚林业科学研究所（FRIM）开发的HTDTM系统，特别对于橡胶木家具行业提供了一个独特解决方案。这种技术无需采用标准贝塞尔化学处理，只需一级干燥操作即将生橡木锯材转化为可供下游制造加工过程使用的干木材。木材处理周期时间比现有过程减少75％以上。此外，经HTDTM处理过的木材质量好，与传统方法生产的木材相比，具有更好的外形稳定性。与行业伙伴合作，FRIM高温干燥橡木产品已经成功地用于试生产胶合板台面和其他的实木家具及组件。     

颠覆性技术对能源化工行业的影响分析

新一轮科技革命孕育发展过程中,颠覆性技术是行业技术开发的关键方向,是产业发展的重要影响因素。当前,在安全环保、可持续发展的要求下,能源化工产业颠覆性技术持续发酵突破。颠覆性技术培育过程中形成的先进制造优势、绿色低碳技术成本的不断降低持续推动能源化工行业向着能源供应的多元化、低碳化,化工新材料的更新换代,以及废弃物的近零排放方向稳步推进。另外,产业组织竞争过程中,颠覆性技术或将成为能源化工行业产业竞争格局的主要决定性因素,颠覆性技术的自主创新是产业组织保持先发优势、获得最高创新回报的有力保障。     

加强能源化学工程研究

能源产业是国民经济的支柱产业，能源科学技术水平强烈地制约着一个国家的经济发展与社会进步。从一次能源到次级能源转化的大多数过程实质上是工业化学过程。从发展能源技术的需要出发，进行高水平的化学工程研究，不仅加速新能源技术的开发具有十分重要的意义，而且也是化学工程作为一门独立学科自身发展的推动力。     

合理开发利用我国页岩气资源的途径分析

页岩气资源有望成为“十二五”至“十三五”期间国家新能源战略的重点突破口之一。南于技术方面的挑战与开发成本偏高,预计2013--2018年期间对我国天然气供需市场难以有大的影响。展望我国页岩气行业的发展方向,在低成本开采技术成熟和基础设施完备的基础上．页岩气有望在我国燃气领域占据更大的市场份额,在改善能源结构、发展新能源和风险控制中寻找适合我国国民经济体系的平衡点。     

太阳能与热泵联合干燥木材特性的实验研究

介绍了国内外利用太阳能干燥木材的概况、太阳能与热泵联合干燥系统的组成与工作原理、太阳能与热泵联合干燥木材的特性和干燥木材的工艺实验。实验结果显示。太阳能与热泵联合供热可以弥补太阳能或热泵单独供热的缺点。太阳能比联合干燥节能3．8％,而联合干燥比热泵干燥节能11．8％;联合干燥比太阳能干燥时间缩短了14．9％。从能耗及生产效率综合考虑。太阳能与热泵联合干燥是值得推荐的一种干燥方法。     

煤制烯烃项目发展探讨

现代煤化工技术的快速发展和国际原油价格居高不下，使发展煤制烯烃产业的条件逐渐成熟。文中通过对不同原料路线乙烯生产工艺的分析，对原料需求、公用工程及配套条件、投资、技术、成本、环境保护、现状和前景等的分析，对煤制烯烃产业的发展进行论述探讨。     

中国盐湖卤水提锂产业化技术研究进展

近年来,在新能源产业的推动下,新能源汽车和储能技术快速发展,带动锂盐消费飞速增长。目前,全球锂盐产业一片火热,正在跑马圈地和快速扩产中。中国拥有丰富的锂资源,尤其是盐湖卤水锂资源,而且通过多年技术攻关和产业化实践,中国盐湖卤水提锂技术逐渐成熟,新技术不断涌现,在全球锂盐行情火热的背景下,中国锂盐湖具备快速扩产的潜力。介绍了中国目前已经成功产业化的盐湖卤水提锂技术,分析各技术的优缺点,探讨正在研究中的有望实现产业化应用的提锂新技术,并研判了盐湖卤水提锂技术的发展方向,从绿色高效提锂工艺的角度出发,对于盐湖锂资源供应未来的发展趋势进行了分析和展望。通过研究,有望对中国盐湖提锂行业技术现状和技术发展方向有较清晰的认识,并对今后国内外锂盐湖的开发提供技术参考。     

关于化工重点耗能行业的节能现状分析

介绍了我国化工行业节能减排的发展形势,重点叙述了乙烯、纯碱、烧碱、化肥行业的节能环保技术,并对各行业的节能潜力进行了简要分析,指出了大力推广节能环保新技术、新装备是实现我国化工行业节能减排目标的重要措施。