INFLUENCE OF THE PARTICLE SIZE AND SUPERFICIAL GAS VELOCITY ON THE SUBLIMATION OF PURE SUBSTANCES IN FLUIDIZED BEDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

In the present study the sublimation of large solid carbon dioxide particles inside fluidized beds of fine particles is investigated. A model which takes the surface area of the sublimable particles into account is used to describe the sublimation kinetics. Based on this model, the results of different experiments, namely single particle experiments using a precision scale, batch experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed and continuous experiments in a larger circulating fluidized bed are compared. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the influences of the particle size, of the inert bed material, of the bed temperature and of the superficial gas velocity, respectively.     

SUBLIMATION OF PURE SUBSTANCES IN GAS FLUIDIZED BEDS AT ATMOSHPERIC PRESSURE.

This paper deals with the sublimation of large bodies, or “objects”, made up from a pure substance in a bubbling gas fluidized bed of considerably smaller particles, or “fines”. The influence of such parameters as the gas velocity, the bed temperature, the size and the adsorption capacity of the fines has been investigated.

The results obtained clearly show that the rate of sublimation in fluidized beds is far higher than in air alone. It increases with increasing bed temperature, decreasing particle size, increasing powder mass capacity, and roughly varies as a parabolic function of time. It has also been observed that the temperature difference between the bed and the object surface, or “temperature depression”, depends on the fines characteristics as well as on bed temperature, but is independent of gas velocity when good solid mixing conditions are achieved.

Bed-to-object heat and mass transfer coefficients have been deduced from data points and attempts have been made to provide a reasonable theory to account for them. After a complete examination, the idea of interpreting transport phenomena based on a well-adapted “surface renewal model” has been proposed.     

SUBLIMATION OF PURE SUBSTANCES IN GAS FLUIDIZED BEDS AT ATMOSHPERIC PRESSURE.

This paper deals with the sublimation of large bodies, or “objects”, made up from a pure substance in a bubbling gas fluidized bed of considerably smaller particles, or “fines”. The influence of such parameters as the gas velocity, the bed temperature, the size and the adsorption capacity of the fines has been investigated.

The results obtained clearly show that the rate of sublimation in fluidized beds is far higher than in air alone. It increases with increasing bed temperature, decreasing particle size, increasing powder mass capacity, and roughly varies as a parabolic function of time. It has also been observed that the temperature difference between the bed and the object surface, or “temperature depression”, depends on the fines characteristics as well as on bed temperature, but is independent of gas velocity when good solid mixing conditions are achieved.

Bed-to-object heat and mass transfer coefficients have been deduced from data points and attempts have been made to provide a reasonable theory to account for them. After a complete examination, the idea of interpreting transport phenomena based on a well-adapted “surface renewal model” has been proposed.     

液固循环流化床中的颗粒速度场

利用超声多普勒测速仪（UDV）对液固循环流化床中颗粒流场进行了系统的实验研究.实验测定了不同轴向位置处的颗粒速度分布,得到了较完整的颗粒速度场,分析了入口区对流场分布的影响,考察了表观液速和颗粒循环速率等操作条件对颗粒速度场分布特点的影响,并利用各影响因素之间的相互关系对流型和速度的变化进行了分析.     

热示踪法测量循环流化床中颗粒循环速度

通过颗粒示踪和热示踪两种方法对鼓泡循环流化床中的颗粒循环速度进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：热示踪方法和颗粒示踪方法测量鼓泡循环流化床的移动床中颗粒循环速度在一定范围内是一致的。但热示踪方法还存在一定的局限性,还需要进一步从理论和实验上完善     

减小颗粒尺寸对流化床中两相流动行为的影响

通过分析３０μｍ颗粒在扬析及膨胀实验中表现出的特异性,提出３０μｍ是尚未发生稳定团聚的最小粒径．实验证明：在浓相条件下,３０μｍ颗粒的气含量最大,塌落时间最长;在稀相条件下,采用３６μｍ的ＦＣＣ颗粒,使提升管反应器中固含率分布的均匀性较５４μｍ颗粒有了明显改善．上述结果预示着工业流化装置中使用的催化剂颗粒还有可能在颗粒尺寸方面进一步优化．     

循环流化床中颗粒团聚物性质的PDPA测量

提出了一种利用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）来测量气固循环流化床中颗粒团聚物性质的方法,并运用此方法初步考察了操作条件对循环流化床稀相区中颗粒团聚物性质的影响.在本实验操作条件下,颗粒团聚物的时间分率、频率、内部空隙率以及轴向速度等性质都存在轴径向的不均匀分布,具有较明显的环核特征;固体循环速率对颗粒团聚物性质径向分布影响不大,表观气速的变化可引起其轴向分布规律发生显著改变,但其径向的环核特性仍然存在.     

液-固流化床中单个变形气泡的上升速度

以气泡在上升运动过程中的受力分析为基础,建立了描述单个变形气泡在液－固流化床中上升速度的理论模。应用该模型分别对球形和球帽形气泡在液－固流化床中的上升速度进行了计算,并将计算民在不同的床内压力,温度与颗粒相体积分数下气泡上升速度的实验测量数据进行了比较。     

流化床二组分混合物的适宜分离气速

在等密度与非等密度二组分混合物分离体系中，考察操作气速对分离度的影响，提出物料的静床高对高效分离气速没有影响，而操作气速取其混合物最小流化速度的１．２倍左右时，二组分混合物产生高效分离，并且此操作气速随着二组分混合物分离状态的判定值（等密度混合物指Ｒｍｆ值，非等密度混合物主要指Ｒｐ值）的增加而拓宽。     

THE ELUTRIATION OF FINE AND COHESIVE PARTICLES FROM GAS FLUIDIZED BEDS

Experimental work on the entrainment of an FCC powder was carried out in 76  mm and 152  mm glass columns. Fluidization tests were carried out batchwise and continuously at velocities between 0·2 m/s and 0· 8 m/s. Non-cohesive fine powders and cohesive superfine powders were added to a coarse base FCC powder in proportions which ensured that the mixture remained within Geldart's Group A. The entrainment rale constant, K_i∞^*, is found to depend slightly on the fines concentration in the bed. Our work has confirmed that there is a critical particle size at which K_i∞^* no longer increases as particle size decreases, and may even decrease. Several mechanisms are postulated to explain this but from the experimental results it is concluded that interparticle adhesion forces between the very fine particles play an important role. An empirical correlation to predict K_i∞^*, below the point where levelling off occur is proposed.     

三相循环流化床中气泡大小及其分布的实验研究

用光纤探头技术对三相循环流化床中的气泡大小及其分布进行了系统研究 ,实验测定了操作条件对气泡大小及其分布的影响规律 .实验结果表明 ,三相循环流化床中气泡的大小分布可用对数正态分布表征 ,在实验条件下气泡平均直径在床中心区域较小且沿半径方向由中心向边壁逐渐增大 ,并随表观气速的增大而减小 ,随固含率的增大而增大 ,表观液速对气泡平均直径的影响较小     

RADIAL PARTICLE FLUX AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN THE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

The solid particle concentration distribution in the riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) is dilute at the center and dense near the wall because of the axial particle momentum exchange. In our study, the radial particle concentration distribution was investigated theoretically and experimentally. To assess the radial particle motion, a special flux probe was designed. We found that near the wall, the radial particle flux was much higher then the net axial particle flux, and that the measured radial profile of particle flux was similar to that of the particle concentration. The resulting radial flux is very valuable in developing a model of heat transfer between the gas-particle suspensions and the wall surface.     

气固流化床中气泡流运动特征和空隙率径向分布

引言流态化技术在工业领域应用越来越广,但由于流态化行为复杂,许多内在规律还有待于进一步揭示．气固流化床中最基本的特征是颗粒聚集的乳化相与气体聚集的气泡相共存,它的复杂性就在于它的不均匀性和多态性．气固流化床中的不均匀性是由空隙率分布来描述的,然而空隙率的分布目前还未能从理论上得到定量的描述．气固流化床内的空隙率分布与气泡的运动密切相关,因此对床层空隙率的了解最终决定于对流化床气泡运动的研究．在此作者采用流体力学的方法从宏尺度和宇尺度范围来探讨气固流化床内气泡的运动规律,建立相应的多尺度、连续介质…     

多层百叶窗式挡板对三相流化床中固体颗粒轴向分布的影响

针对作者开发的带有导管与多层百叶窗式挡板特殊构型的三相流化床反应器, 实验考察了百叶窗式挡板层数与挡板倾角构型参数、气体与浆液流量操作参数对床内固体颗粒轴向浓度分布及粒度分布的影响.实验结果表明, 百叶窗式挡板的层数是影响固体颗粒轴向浓度分布及粒度分布的主要因素,当百叶窗层数多于15层时, 挡板上下方分区明显.并就挡板影响颗粒分布的可能机制进行了分析讨论.     

ＣＦＢ稀相段直长对颗粒内循环流动规律的影响

采用光纤探头测定Ｄ１m射流循环流化床（半圆形）稀相区颗粒速度、颗粒浓度和颗粒流通量的径向分布规律,并考察了操作条件及其轴向的影响,实验结果表明,在循环流化床（ＣＦＢ）中,颗粒流动在床层径向有较大的不均匀性,并呈明显的内循环流动结构,进而考察了影响其流动规律的,以期进一步理解循环流化床颗料流动机理,强化和改善反应器的设计操作。     

低密度循环流化床反应器床层截面平均颗粒速度的变化规律

本文在高8m,内径186mm 的循环流化床中采用 FCC 颗粒,利用 TSI 光纤激光多普勒测速仪测定了局部颗粒速度的径向分布,并获得了床层截面平均颗粒速度。实验结果表明:截面平均颗粒速度随操作气速的增大而增大,随固体循环速率的增大而略有减小。由实验数据回归得到了计算本实验条件下低密度速度的经验关联式。论文还从基本流体力学理论出发,在考虑颗粒加速运动的条件下,建立了一维气、固两相流模型,可以用于预测床层截面平均颗粒速度和空隙率的变化规律,模型计算结果和实验数据吻合较好。     

聚合物乳液的粒径及粒径分布对乳液粘度及固体含量的影响

合成了４种粒径分别为７５ｎｍ、１３５ｎｍ、３４０ｎｍ和４７７ｎｍ的单分散乳液。研究了上述单分散乳液以及它们的共混物的流变行为,并与合成的多分散乳液进行比较。实验结果表明：对多分散的聚合物乳液,当大粒子的质量分数为８０％时,聚合物粒子的堆砌密度最大,固体含量最高,乳液粘度最小;多分散乳液中每一种乳胶粒的实际尺寸变化对这一最小粘度值影响不大     

喷流床中喷动气入口出料规律的研究

在φ３００ｍｍ的喷流床中,用砂作流化颗粒,以空气作为流化和喷动气、考察了流化气速、喷动气速、静床高、大颗粒深度及锥形气体分布器开孔率等对大颗业在喷动气入口管出料的影响,从而提出大颗粒下料速率的经验关联式为ｖｐ＝１．９５３×１０＾－９ｃｂ（Ｕｓ／ｕｔ）＾－１４．３５ｅｘｐ（－１．３２Ｕｔ／Ｕｍｆ）维持喷动流化床不出料的最小喷动气速计算式为Ｕｓｍｉｎ／ｕｔ＝０．２３１Ｕｔ／Ｕｍｆ＋０．７７１。     

烟气脱硫三相流化床反应器的数学模拟与预测放大

研究了 0 .1m和 1m两种直径烟气脱硫三相流化床反应器冷态试验装置的性能 ,利用计算流体力学模型和数值计算方法模拟了反应器内气含率分布、液体轴向速度、压降、SO₂ 浓度轴向分布与反应器出口的SO₂ 浓度 ,获得了将反应器放大到 1m塔径的计算敏感参数C_w 的关联式 ,预测了反应器直径对塔内气含率分布和压降的影响     

气提式多层床密相区粒子混合和床层停留时间分布的研究

利用含盐粒子作示踪剂,本文考察了气提式多层流化床中粒子的混合和停留时间分布。发现在近床壁处存在着二次流区,它与主体流区之间进行着粒子交换。随着流化数的增大,二次流区逐渐减小。本文建立了分区流动的模型及提出了模型参数的表达式,可以较好地描述粒子的停留时间分布,为反应器的设计提供依据。