Mechanisms of Drying of Skin-Forming Materials. II.Droplets of Heat Sensitive Materials

ABSTRACT

Drying studies were carried out on single droplets of gelatin solution, typifying a skin forming, heat-sensitive material. Each droplet was suspended from a novel rotating glass nozzle which enabled direct measurement of its weight and temperature during drying. Observations using this appartatus successfully detected the decrease in core temperature and increase in drying rate resulting from granule dissolution at 30 °C.

The study covered air temperatures in the range 19 °C–175 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to examine the dried crusts. The resistance of the skin to vapour diffusion was significantly increased with an increase in the air temperature. At air temperature > 60 °C the dried particle lost the structure and properties of the original powder. The optimum drying conditions to avoid this were predicted for this type of skin forming-material.     

Mechanisms of Drylng of Skin-Forming Materials; the Significance of Skin Formation and a Comparison Between Three Types of Material

ABSTRACT

Comparisons are drawn between the drying characteristics, and the mechanisms of skin formation on, three characteristic types of material. The significance of skin formation, which may be a major factor in valatiles retention in the drying of spray dried products, is discussed. The optimum drying conditions to achieve the highest volatiles retention for each type of skin-forming material are predicted. General comparisons are also drawn between the drvine of skin-formine i.e., materials which form a smooth flexible low- parosity skin at same slage, and normal crust-forming materials. The latter form only a rigid crust with a porosity which is system and drying-condition dependent.     

Volatiles Retention in the Drying of Skin Forming Materials PART 1: Materials Which Gelatinise at Moderately High Temperatures

ABSTRACT

Single droplets were dried whilst suspended from a rotating thermocouple in a horizontal wind tunnel, to study the effect of skin formation upon the retention of flavours. Native rice starch, wheat starch, or dextrin were used to encapsulate ethanol as a simulated flavour. The ethanol content of the dried droplets was measured using gas liquid chromatography and the crusts were examined using a scanning electron microecope. The effects of variations in encapsulant concentration, drying air temperature, and air flow rates upon flavour retention were determined.

With the rice starch, the ‘final retention’ of ethanol, defined as the ethanol content of the droplet after drying for ten minutes, was largely independent of initial solids     

Volatiles Retention in the Drying of Skin Forming Materials PART 1: Materials Which Gelatinise at Moderately High Temperatures

Single droplets were dried whilst suspended from a rotating thermocouple in a horizontal wind tunnel, to study the effect of skin formation upon the retention of flavours. Native rice starch, wheat starch, or dextrin were used to encapsulate ethanol as a simulated flavour. The ethanol content of the dried droplets was measured using gas liquid chromatography and the crusts were examined using a scanning electron microecope. The effects of variations in encapsulant concentration, drying air temperature, and air flow rates upon flavour retention were determined.

With the rice starch, the 'final retention' of ethanol, defined as the ethanol content of the droplet after drying for ten minutes, was largely independent of initial solids     

MECHANISMS OF DRYING OF SKIN-FORMING MATERIALS.III. DROPLETS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS.

ABSTRACT

Drying studies were carried out on single droplets suspended from a rotating nozzle in a horizontal wind tunnel. Droplets were of solution of a third type of skin-forming material, namely the natural products skim milk or fructose. Droplet weight and temperature were measured during the drying process. Dried crusts were recovered and examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy.

With this type of material a skin first forms at any drying condition on the surface of the droplet at a cerlain stage of drying. A crust subsequently forms beneath the skin. The final dried panicle retains the structure and properties of the original powder, unless the material is dried at very high temperatures. e.g. >300 °C. which result in burning.

An increase in air temperature resulted in the formation of a smoother skin offering a higher resistance to vapour diffusion. At temperatures over 100 °C droplets exhibited puffing or ballooning phenomena; i.e. they inflated and deflated many times before forming the final dried particles.     

Volatiles Retention in the Drying of Skin Forming Materials PART 3: Heat-Sensitive Materials

Ethanol retention in solutions was determined by drying single droplets in a horizontal wind tunnel, with gelatine (Bloom numbers 60 and 150) and gum arabic as encapaulants. The variation in ethanol content, droplet temperature history and crust structure were evaluated in each case. General conclusions are provided for parameters determining volatile- retention in convective drying.     

Volatiles Retention in the Drying of Skin Forming Materials PART 3: Heat-Sensitive Materials

ABSTRACT

Ethanol retention in solutions was determined by drying single droplets in a horizontal wind tunnel, with gelatine (Bloom numbers 60 and 150) and gum arabic as encapaulants. The variation in ethanol content, droplet temperature history and crust structure were evaluated in each case. General conclusions are provided for parameters determining volatile- retention in convective drying.     

温度对高强喷射混凝土性能的影响

主要研究了温度对矿用高强喷射混凝土凝结时间、抗压强度及耐久性的影响.结果表明,当温度在10～15 ℃之间时,随着温度的升高凝结时间下降速率最快;当温度在20～30 ℃之间时,随着温度的升高凝结时间基本不再变化.当温度在10～20 ℃时,矿用高性能喷射混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能较强.当温度在20～30 ℃时,矿用高性能喷射混凝土氯离子扩散系数很低.当养护温度在5～15 ℃时,对矿用高性能喷射混凝土的抗冻性能比较有利.     

用共混方法提高注塑级HDPE的耐低温性能

实验讨论了加入LLDPE DFDA7042以后，HDPE DMD7006A耐低温性能的变化。认为DFDA7042对改善耐低温性能是有效的。可由原来的-60℃降至-85℃以下，而其它性能基本保持不变。