持久性有机污染物及其治理技术

主要介绍了持久性有机污染物的特点、种类、危害及治理技术。     

电化学法降解持久性有机污染物(POPs) 的研究进展

介绍了持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,简称POPs)的相关概念和性质,叙述了电化学法处理废水中有机污染物的原理及特点。重点介绍了电化学法中的电解氧化法和几种与电解氧化法联合处理POPs的电化学技术,如:电解氧化-生物耦合技术、吸附-电解氧化法、光电催化氧化法、声助电解氧化法的特点及研究进展,并指出了今后电化学方法去除废水中POPs的研究热点和发展趋势。     

高度氧化法的特性及其在废水处理中的应用

论述了新兴化学氧化法－－高度氧化法（ＡＰＯ法）的氧化能力、反应选择性和氧化效率,并以苯酚和２,４－二氯苯酚为目标污染物进行了试验。结果表明：ＡＰＯ法比普通化学氧化法氧化效率高,无反应选择性,反应彻底,是一种处理含难降解有机污染物废水的高争化方法,值得推广。     

浅述高级氧化法处理水体中有机污染物

利用高级氧化法处理水体中有机污染物,尤其是难降解的有机污染物是当前国内外水处理领域的研究热点。文章综述了高级氧化技术在处理水体中有机污染物的研究状况,包括高级氧化技术的发展史、技术特点、分类、反应动力学、各种高级氧化体系及其反应机理和研究进展。     

Thermal Treatment of Solid Wastes Using Drying Technologies: A Review

The proper treatment of organic or inorganic solid wastes is necessary for economic and environmental interests. Added-value by-products of market interest can be obtained through the recovery, reuse, and treatment of solid wastes, which are otherwise discarded inappropriately in large quantities into the environment. In this review, the drying process is presented as an alternative environmental technology for the thermal treatment of residues of different natures from different origins. The main techniques applied to solid waste drying are described and, in parallel, the most relevant studies found in the literature for this theme are analyzed. Moreover, the main dryers currently used are presented, as well as their most important characteristics. Some general aspects of the thermal and energetic performance of these dryers fundamental for process feasibility analysis are also discussed in this review. Essential aspects of the solid waste drying process are primarily presented with the purpose of showing the particularities that this approach offers when it comes to putting the theory into practice.     

碳纳米管及其复合材料在水中有机污染物去除中的应用

在人类社会高速发展的同时,一些有机污染物被排入水体中造成严重的环境污染,其中部分有机物被证明对人体和水中生物存在直接或潜在的毒性.碳纳米管作为一种结构特殊且具有良好电学、力学、化学性质的新型一维纳米材料,在水处理中得到了广泛的应用.文中总结了碳纳米管及其复合材料的制备方法,及其在吸附、高级氧化、膜分离3种工艺中的应用情...     

饮用水中持久性有机污染物的去除效能

长江南京段的水质虽能常年保持在Ⅱ~Ⅲ类,但原水中甲苯、三氯苯和邻二苯甲酸二丁酯等微量持久性有机物检出表明长江南京段的水源水已呈现微污染特征。该文以长江南京段原水作为研究对象,以提高出水水质为目标,研究了水源水持久性有机物的种类和特定有机污染物(阿特拉津和氯苯类化合物),考察强化滤池、活性炭滤池工艺去除水中污染物的效能。结果表明长江南京段水源水中检出持久性有机物为65种,其中以脂肪烃类有机物、芳香类有机物、酯类有机物、醇类有机物及酮类有机物为主,5类有机物的总量约占总的持久性有机物的90%以上;长江南京段水源水中未检出阿特拉津,检出1,2,4-三氯苯,其含量为0.249μg/L。强化过滤和活性炭过滤工艺对原水中的持久性有机物都有较好的去除效果,其中活性炭工艺要优于强化过滤工艺。     

Green synthesis of TiO2 nanospheres from isolated Aspergillus eucalypticola SLF1 and its multifunctionality in nanobioremediation of C. I. Reactive Blue 194 with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity

For synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs), Green methods have been proven to be more efficient than several physiochemical methods. This article presents a non-toxic, ecofriendly, cost-effective and a facile route of green synthesis of TiO₂ NPs by an isolated fungus Aspergillus eucalypticola SLF1, which exhibits excellent photocatalytic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity without structural modification done by physicochemical methods. The TiO₂ NPs are characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, DLS, TEM, BET, Raman spectroscopy and PL. The mesoporous, anatase phase, with a band gap 3.49 eV observed by BET, XRD. UV–Visible spectral analysis displayed sunlight driven photocatalytic performance against C. I. Reactive Blue 194 by advanced oxidation process. Decolourization and 99.70% degradation within 30 min exhibited pseudo first order kinetic with reaction rate constant 0.1935 min⁻¹ by linear method. These findings are superior physicochemical methods. Ecofriendly degradation was confirmed by UV–Vis. HPLC and LCMS etc and phytotoxic studies.     

Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in Drying Technology: A Comprehensive Review

Inspired by the functional behavior of the biological nervous system of the human brain, the artificial neural network (ANN) has found many applications as a superior tool to model complex, dynamic, highly nonlinear, and ill-defined scientific and engineering problems. For this reason, ANNs are employed extensively in drying applications because of their favorable characteristics, such as efficiency, generalization, and simplicity. This article presents a comprehensive review of numerous significant applications of the ANN technique to solve problems of nonlinear function approximation, pattern detection, data interpretation, optimization, simulation, diagnosis, control, data sorting, clustering, and noise reduction in drying technology. We summarize the use of the ANN approach in modeling various dehydration methods; e.g., batch convective thin-layer drying, fluidized bed drying, osmotic dehydration, osmotic-convective drying, infrared, microwave, infrared- and microwave-assisted drying processes, spray drying, freeze drying, rotary drying, renewable drying, deep bed drying, spout bed drying, industrial drying, and several miscellaneous applications. Generally, ANNs have been used in drying technology for modeling, predicting, and optimization of heat and mass transfer, thermodynamic performance parameters, and quality indicators as well as physiochemical properties of dried products. Moreover, a limited number of researchers have focused on control of drying systems to achieve desired product quality by online manipulating of the drying conditions using previously trained ANNs. Opportunities and limitations of the ANN technique for drying process simulation, optimization, and control are outlined to guide future R&D in this area.     

A comparative study on the performance of different advanced oxidation processes (UV/O3/H2O2) treating linear alkyl benzene (LAB) production plant's wastewater

A detailed investigation on photooxidation of linear alkyl benzene (LAB) industrial wastewater is presented in this study. The process analysis was performed by varying four significant independent variables including two numerical factors (initial pH (3–11) and initial H₂O₂ concentration (0–20 mM)) and two categorical factors (UV irradiation and ozonation). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). To assess the process performance, two parameters viz. TCOD removal efficiency and BOD₅/COD were measured throughout the experiments. A maximum reduction in TCOD was 58, 53, 51, and 49%, respectively for UV/H₂O₂/O₃, H₂O₂/O₃, UV/O₃ and UV/H₂O₂ processes at the optimum conditions (initial pH of 7, initial H₂O₂ concentration of 100 mM, and reaction time of 180 min). A considerable increase in BOD₅/COD ratio was obtained in the combined processes (0.46, 0.51, 0.53, and 0.55 for UV/H₂O₂, UV/O₃, H₂O₂/O₃ and UV/H₂O₂/O₃, respectively) compared to the single oxidant process (0.35). The results showed that mineralization of the LAB industrial wastewater in neutral pH is more favored than in acidic and basic pH. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was applied to show the fate of organic compounds. In conclusion, the photooxidation process (UV/H₂O₂/O₃, H₂O₂/O₃, UV/O₃ and UV/H₂O₂) could be an appropriate pretreatment method prior to a biological treatment process.     

催化焚烧处理挥发性有机物技术进展

本文介绍了国内外有关挥发性有机物（VOCs）及其联合工艺的应用情况及最新进展,并对国内VOC治理技术开发方向提出了自己的看法。     

Injury Mechanisms of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures During Spray Drying: A Review

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures can be processed by many drying techniques, among which spray drying has great potential. However, injuries of LAB during spray drying lead to a low survival rate. The microbial injuries of LAB during spray drying are specifically induced by dehydration inactivation, thermal inactivation, and balance between the two. To reduce the drying temperature, new drying techniques based on spray drying were tried; that is, low-temperature vacuum–spray drying and spray–freeze drying.     

Formation of Nitrates in Aqueous Solutions Treated with Pulsed Corona Discharge: The Impact of Organic Pollutants

Pulsed corona discharge (PCD) in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures results in formation of nitrogen oxides, transformed to aqueous nitrates in contact with water. The experimental research into the impact of formate and oxalate to nitrate formation in aqueous solutions treated with PCD was undertaken. The impact of paracetamol, ibuprofen, indomethacin and their oxidation products to nitrate formation was also analyzed. Pharmaceuticals obstructed nitrate formation, while carboxylic anions and pharmaceuticals’ oxidation products noticeably improved nitrate formation in treated solutions as compared to water. The nitrate formation enhancement is explained by the aqueous ozone decomposition and hydroxyl radical formation known to be improved by carboxylic anions.     

电厂反渗透及离子交换除盐系统去除水中有机物的试验

该文介绍了安徽省火电厂锅炉补给水处理系统中反渗透及离子交换除盐系统去除水中TOC的情况,比较了不同水处理工艺去除水中TOC的情况。结果表明省内火电厂的除盐水TOC含量基本上都能满足《火力发电机组及蒸汽动力设备水汽质量》(GB/T 12145—2008)中对除盐水TOC含量的要求。除盐水TOC含量主要取决于所采用的水处理工艺流程,基于反渗透的水处理工艺对水中的TOC去除率最高,除盐水的TOC含量也最低。     

Study on Drying Organic Sludges by Thermal Jet Dryer—Part 2: Characteristics of Air-Particle Multiphase Flow in Thermal Jet Dryer

The authors are developing a thermal jet dryer (TJD) with a vertical disc-shaped drying tank for the purpose of reducing the volume of solid wastes with high water content, such as organic sludges. In order to obtain the characteristics of air-particle multiphase flow in a TJD, cold model experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted. The following results were obtained: (1) A combined eddy was generated in the tank, such as in a cyclone separator. (2) “Cascading” phenomena occurred in the particle discharging mechanism. (3) In the TJD, particles maintained consistent drying conditions throughout the drying process.     

The Effectiveness in the Removal of PAHs from Aqueous Solutions in Physical and Chemical Processes: A Review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively well-known organic pollutants and due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, their presence in the aqueous environment still attracts a lot of attention. This article presents a critical review of the literature on the application of physical and chemical processes for removal of PAHs from aqueous solution, including water and wastewater. The effectiveness of coagulation, chemical oxidation, photodegradation, sorption, and membrane processes in the degradation or removal of these micropollutants is described. The PAHs removal efficiency (coagulation ～ 99%, chemical oxidation ～ 87%, photodegradation ～ 93%, sorption ～ 100%, and membrane ～ 100%) during the above processes is difficult to compare due to the works conducted under different conditions and using various mediums, e.g., water, wastewater, PAHs model aqueous solutions.     

Changes in NOM Fractionation through Treatment: A Comparison of Ozonation and Chlorination.

NOM isolation and fractionation to provide insight into the effectiveness of ozonation vs. conventional water treatment was done. In this research, the dissolved portion of natural organic matter (NOM) or dissolved organic matter (DOM) at two surface drinking water treatment plants that treat the same source water was fractionated by resin adsorption. The first treatment plant uses conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration) with intermediate free chlorination and post chlorination while the second plant uses conventional treatment with pre and intermediate ozonation, and multi-media filtration unit operation. Several different sampling locations within each plant were selected for DOM isolation and fractionation into six fractions (hydrophobic acid, neutral and base, and hydrophilic acid, neutral, and base). The effectiveness of each treatment plant on the oxidation and removal of each organic fraction are discussed. Oxidation by ozone leads to better overall performance in the removal of DOM.     

Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Acute Bipolar Depression with Mixed Features: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials

Evidence supporting the use of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the treatment of acute depression with mixed features (MFs) associated with bipolar disorder (BD) is scarce and equivocal. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis investigating SGAs in the treatment of acute BD depression with MFs. Two authors independently searched major electronic databases from 1990 until September 2015 for randomized (placebo-) controlled trials (RCTs) or open-label clinical trials investigating the efficacy of SGAs in the treatment of acute bipolar depression with MFs. A random-effect meta-analysis calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) between SGA and placebo for the mean baseline to endpoint change in depression as well as manic symptoms score was computed based on 95% confidence intervals (CI). Six RCTs and one open-label placebo-controlled studies (including post-hoc reports) representing 1023 patients were included. Participants received either ziprasidone, olanzapine, lurasidone, quetiapine or asenapine for an average of 6.5 weeks across the included studies. Meta-analysis with Duval and Tweedie adjustment for publication bias demonstrated that SGA resulted in significant improvements of (hypo-)manic symptoms of bipolar mixed depression as assessed by the means of the total scores of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (SMD −0.74, 95% CI −1.20 to −0.28, n SGA = 907, control = 652). Meta-analysis demonstrated that participants in receipt of SGA (n = 979) experienced a large improvement in the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores (SMD −1.08, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.81, p < 0.001) vs. placebo (n = 678). Publication and measurement biases and relative paucity of studies. Overall, SGAs appear to offer favorable improvements in MADRS and YMRS scores vs. placebo. Nevertheless, given the preliminary nature of the present report, additional original studies are required to allow more reliable and clinically definitive conclusions.