Arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The use of arsenic (As) contaminated groundwater for irrigation of crops has resulted in elevated concentrations of arsenic in agricultural soils in Bangladesh, West Bengal (India), and elsewhere. Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main agricultural crop grown in the arsenic-affected areas of Bangladesh. There is, therefore, concern regarding accumulation of arsenic in rice grown those soils. A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the effects of arsenic-contaminated irrigation water on the growth of rice and uptake and speciation of arsenic. Treatments of the greenhouse experiment consisted of two phosphate doses and seven different arsenate concentrations ranging from 0 to 8 mg of As L(-1) applied regularly throughout the 170-day post-transplantation growing period until plants were ready for harvesting. Increasing the concentration of arsenate in irrigation water significantly decreased plant height, grain yield, the number of filled grains, grain weight, and root biomass, while the arsenic concentrations in root, straw, and rice husk increased significantly. Concentrations of arsenic in rice grain did not exceed the food hygiene concentration limit (1.0 mg of As kg(-1) dry weight). The concentrations of arsenic in rice straw (up to 91.8 mg kg(-1) for the highest As treatment) were of the same order of magnitude as root arsenic concentrations (up to 107.5 mg kg(-1)), suggesting that arsenic can be readily translocated to the shoot. While not covered by food hygiene regulations, rice straw is used as cattle feed in many countries including Bangladesh. The high arsenic concentrations may have the potential for adverse health effects on the cattle and an increase of arsenic exposure in humans via the plant-animal-human pathway. Arsenic concentrations in rice plant parts except husk were not affected by application of phosphate. As the concentration of arsenic in the rice grain was low, arsenic speciation was performed only on rice straw to predict the risk associated with feeding contaminated straw to the cattle. Speciation of arsenic in tissues (using HPLC-ICP-MS) revealed that the predominant species present in straw was arsenate followed by arsenite and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). As DMAA is only present at low concentrations, it is unlikely this will greatly alter the toxicity of arsenic present in rice.     

云南省不同产地大米重金属砷污染风险分析

目的分析云南省不同产地大米重金属砷的污染风险。方法采用LC-AFS6500型原子荧光光度计,分析采集自云南省16个州(市)水稻主要产区的118个县(市/区)2592份稻谷的无机砷含量,并进行相关性分析、方差分析和LSD多重比较。结果供试样品无机砷含量的平均值为0.028 mg/kg,其中,工矿企业周边农田(0.036 mg/kg)一般农田(0.026 mg/kg)污水灌溉农田(0.021 mg/kg),以工矿企业周边农田重金属砷污染风险最大,经方差分析,F值为16.994,呈极显著差异。工矿企业周边农田和污水灌溉农田无机砷含量均以红河州为最高,分别为0.128、0.055 mg/kg,一般农田则以丽江市为最高,为0.078 mg/kg,且均与其他所有州(市)均呈极显著差异;普洱市的无机砷均值在16个州(市)中为最小,检出率最低;2592个样品中,有13份样品无机砷含量超限,占供试样品的0.50%,均采自红河州,其中个旧市6份、蒙自市5份和开远市2份。结论农业生态环境是影响大米重金属砷污染的重要因素,建议应对工矿企业周边农田重金属砷污染给予重点关注。     

Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) in Sb mining impacted paddy soil from Xikuangshan, China: differences in mechanisms controlling soil sequestration and uptake in rice

Foods produced on soils impacted by antimony (Sb) mining activities are a potential health risk due to plant uptake of the contaminant metalloids (Sb) and arsenic (As). Here we report for the first time the chemical speciation of Sb in soil and porewater of flooded paddy soil, impacted by active Sb mining, and its effect on uptake and speciation in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv Jiahua). Results are compared with behavior and uptake of As. Pot experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in a climate chamber over a period of 50 days. In pots without rice plants, flooding increased both the concentration of dissolved Sb (up to ca. 2000 μg L(-1)) and As (up to ca. 1500 μg L(-1)). When rice was present, Fe plaque developing on rice roots acted as a scavenger for both As and Sb, whereby the concentration of As, but not Sb, in porewater decreased substantially. Dissolved Sb in porewater, which occurred mainly as Sb(V), correlated with Ca, indicating a solubility governed by Ca antimonate. No significant differences in bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor between Sb and As were observed. Greater relative concentration of Sb(V) was found in rice shoots compared to rice root and porewater, indicating either a preferred uptake of Sb(V) or possibly an oxidation of Sb(III) to Sb(V) in shoots. Adding soil amendments (olivine, hematite) to the paddy soil had no effect on Sb and As concentrations in porewater.     

Arsenic in rice: I. Estimating normal levels of total arsenic in rice grain

High levels of arsenic (As) in rice grain are a potential concern for human health. Variability in total As in rice was evaluated using 204 commercial rice samples purchased mostly in retail stores in upstate New York and supplemented with samples from Canada, France, Venezuela, and other countries. Total As concentration in rice varied from 0.005 to 0.710 mg kg(-1). We combined our data set with literature values to derive a global "normal" range of 0.08-0.20 mg kg(-1) for As concentration in rice. The mean As concentrations for rice from the U.S. and Europe (both 0.198 mg kg(-1)) were statistically similar and significantly higher than rice from Asia (0.07 mg kg(-1)). Using two large data sets from Bangladesh, we showed that As contaminated irrigation water, but not soil, led to increased grain As concentration. Wide variability found in U.S. rice grain was primarily influenced by region of growth rather than commercial type, with rice grown in Texas and Arkansas having significantly higher mean As concentrations than that from California (0.258 and 0.190 versus 0.133 mg kg(-1)). Rice from one Texas distributor was especially high, with 75% of the samples above the global "normal" range, suggesting production in an As contaminated environment.     

Arsenic in soil and irrigation water affects arsenic uptake by rice: complementary insights from field and pot studies

Groundwater rich in arsenic (As) is extensively used for dry season boro rice cultivation in Bangladesh, leading to long-term As accumulation in soils. This may result in increasing levels of As in rice straw and grain, and eventually, in decreasing rice yields due to As phytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the As contents of rice straw and grain over three consecutive harvest seasons (2005-2007) in a paddy field in Munshiganj, Bangladesh, which exhibits a documented gradient in soil As caused by annual irrigation with As-rich groundwater since the early 1990s. The field data revealed that straw and grain As concentrations were elevated in the field and highest near the irrigation water inlet, where As concentrations in both soil and irrigation water were highest. Additionally, a pot experiment with soils and rice seeds from the field site was carried out in which soil and irrigation water As were varied in a full factorial design. The results suggested that both soil As accumulated in previous years and As freshly introduced with irrigation water influence As uptake during rice growth. At similar soil As contents, plants grown in pots exhibited similar grain and straw As contents as plants grown in the field. This suggested that the results from pot experiments performed at higher soil As levels can be used to assess the effect of continuing soil As accumulation on As content and yield of rice. On the basis of a recently published scenario of long-term As accumulation at the study site, we estimate that, under unchanged irrigation practice, average grain As concentrations will increase from currently ～0.15 mg As kg(-1) to 0.25-0.58 mg As kg(-1) by the year 2050. This translates to a 1.5-3.8 times higher As intake by the local population via rice, possibly exceeding the provisional tolerable As intake value defined by FAO/WHO.     

Spatial distribution and temporal variability of arsenic in irrigated rice fields in Bangladesh. 2. Paddy soil

Arsenic-rich groundwater from shallow tube wells is widely used for the irrigation of boro rice in Bangladesh and West Bengal. In the long term this may lead to the accumulation of As in paddy soils and potentially have adverse effects on rice yield and quality. In the companion article in this issue, we have shown that As input into paddy fields with irrigation water is laterally heterogeneous. To assess the potential for As accumulation in soil, we investigated the lateral and vertical distribution of As in rice field soils near Sreenagar (Munshiganj, Bangladesh) and its changes over a 1 year cycle of irrigation and monsoon flooding. At the study site, 18 paddy fields are irrigated with water from a shallow tube well containing 397 +/- 7 microg L(-1) As. The analysis of soil samples collected before irrigation in December 2004 showed that soil As concentrations in paddy fields did not depend on the length of the irrigation channel between well and field inlet. Within individual fields, however, soil As contents decreased with increasing distance to the water inlet, leading to highly variable topsoil As contents (11-35 mg kg(-1), 0-10 cm). Soil As contents after irrigation (May 2005) showed that most As input occurred close to the water inlet and that most As was retained in the top few centimeters of soil. After monsoon flooding (December 2005), topsoil As contents were again close to levels measured before irrigation. Thus, As input during irrigation was at least partly counteracted by As mobilization during monsoon flooding. However, the persisting lateral As distribution suggests net arsenic accumulation over the past 15 years. More pronounced As accumulation may occur in regions with several rice crops per year, less intense monsoon flooding, or different irrigation schemes. The high lateral and vertical heterogeneity of soil As contents must be taken into account in future studies related to As accumulation in paddy soils and potential As transfer into rice.     

大米中总砷和不同形态无机砷含量的测定

分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定大米中总砷含量和高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定大米中不同形态无机砷的含量,并研究了2种方法测定总砷和无机砷的条件。结果表明:大米中砷的存在形式有As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、二甲基砷及一种未知的砷化合物;测定样品中As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)含量分别为3.4μg/kg和17.4μg/kg,其加标回收率为90%-106%,相对标准偏差为3.52%。而样品中总砷含量为88.13μg/kg,其加标回收率在94%-103%,相对标准偏差为1.29%。     

不同水稻生育期络合型含铁材料对土壤砷的固化作用及稻米安全性研究

目的 研究络合型含铁材料对土壤中砷的固化效果及其对稻米质量安全的影响。方法 选取云南省不同砷背景值土壤, 设置添加不同浓度络合型含铁材料的盆栽试验, 采用土壤砷形态分级连续浸提法测定水稻生长不同时期的土壤中砷形态的变化, 并监测水稻成熟后籽粒中砷的含量。结果 高砷风险组土壤酸可提取态砷、可还原态砷和可氧化态砷, 随着水稻的生长含量出现变化, 其中酸可提取态砷和可还原态砷的变化呈先降低后升高的趋势, 一般在抽穗期和灌浆期达到峰值, 但高砷风险试验组中土壤残渣态砷没有明显的变化规律。低砷风险组土壤酸可提取态砷、可还原态砷和可氧化态砷呈先升高后降低的趋势, 在孕穗期或抽穗期时含量最高; 且土壤残渣态砷的含量随含铁材料浓度的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势。结论 添加络合型含铁材料浓度为0.10 g?kg?1可以控制低砷风险土壤有效态砷在水稻生育期内的变化, 且有降低的趋势, 同时可以有效增加残渣态砷的含量, 对砷的固化效果明显。且稻米籽粒中砷含量最低, 但单独使用含铁材料对稻米籽粒砷含量的降低作用不显著(P>0.05)。     

高效液相色谱-氢化物发生原子荧光联用法检测 不同基质食品中的砷含量及其形态

目的建立高效液相色谱-氢化物发生原子荧光联用法检测大虾、金枪鱼、虾油、大米和菠菜等不同基质食品中的砷含量及其化学形态。方法将大虾、金枪鱼、虾油、大米和菠菜样品采用HNO_3(0.15 mol/L)浸提,高效液相色谱-氢化物发生原子荧光联用法进行砷形态的研究,并用湿法消解-原子荧光光谱法进行总砷含量的测定。结果所测大虾、金枪鱼、虾油、大米、菠菜样品总砷含量为0.23~4.68 mg/kg,有机砷含量为0~3.9 mg/kg。海产品中主要砷形态为2种砷化物:二甲基砷(DMA)和砷甜菜碱(AsB);大米及菠菜样品中主要的砷形态为:三价砷As(Ⅲ)、二甲基砷(DMA)和五价砷As(Ⅴ)。结论该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于食品中砷形态含量的定量检测。     

广西主要食品中砷污染及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握广西主要食品中砷污染的水平,评估居民膳食无机砷暴露量及其潜在健康风险。方法利用2010-2015年广西主要食品中总砷及无机砷含量数据和食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估的方法 ,计算广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露水平及其分布情况,并利用暴露限值(MOE)法评估其潜在健康风险。结果 16 567份食品样品中,总砷检出率为42.71%(4 735/11 087),无机砷检出率为48.07%(2 634/5 480)。总砷平均含量以海洋甲壳类最高,其次是海水鱼类和软体动物;检测无机砷食品样品中,平均含量为0.018~0.072 mg/kg,其中以大米无机砷平均含量最高。除大米、新鲜水果、蛋及其制品、畜禽内脏直接采用其检测的无机砷结果外,其他食品均通过总砷转换到无机砷而进行暴露评估。一般人群和高消费量人群膳食中无机砷的平均每天暴露量MOE值均1,但18~34岁男性组高消费量人群每天无机砷暴露量的MOE值≤1。大米的贡献率远高于其他食物,是居民膳食中无机砷的主要来源。结论广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露风险总体上是安全的,而对于18~34岁男性组高暴露量人群可能存在一定的健康风险,大米是广西居民的主要食品,大米的安全问题需加以关注。     

Influence of free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on the eating quality of rice

Rice plants (Oryza sativa L cv Akitakomachi) were grown under free‐air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) in farmers' fields in Shizukuishi, Iwate, Japan during 1999 and 2000. The grains were harvested and subsequently analyzed for protein and amylose contents as well as the traits related to cooked‐rice viscosity. The cooked rice was also subjected to sensory evaluation. The protein content of rice grains grown under elevated CO₂ was significantly lower than that of rice grown under ambient conditions. In addition, CO₂ enrichment increased the whiteness of the grains in both brown and milled rice and reduced their surface hardness. Although the amylose content of rice grains was unaffected, starch pasting properties demonstrated that rice grains in elevated CO₂ had higher maximum viscosity and breakdown than those grown in ambient conditions. Sensory evaluation of cooked rice with respect to umami (deliciousness), appearance, aroma, hardness, stickiness and overall palatability index indicated that the sensory properties were not significantly altered by the CO₂ enrichment treatment. Therefore, we conclude that the growth of the rice cultivar Akitakomachi under elevated CO₂ concentration decreased the protein content, but did not change the palatability to a level that may be detected by sensory taste panel evaluation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Arsenic speciation in plankton organisms from contaminated lakes: transformations at the base of the freshwater food chain

The two complementary techniques high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis were used to assess arsenic speciation in freshwater phytoplankton and zooplankton collected from arsenic-contaminated lakes in Yellowknife (Northwest Territories, Canada). Arsenic concentrations in lake water ranged from 7 μg L(-1) in a noncontaminated lake to 250 μg L(-1) in mine-contaminated lakes, which resulted in arsenic concentrations ranging from 7 to 340 mg kg(-1) d.w. in zooplankton organisms (Cyclops sp.) and from 154 to 894 mg kg(-1) d.w. in phytoplankton. The main arsenic compounds identified by HPLC-ICP-MS in all plankton were inorganic arsenic (from 38% to 98% of total arsenic). No other arsenic compounds were found in phytoplankton, but zooplankton organisms showed the presence of organoarsenic compounds, the most common being the sulfate arsenosugar, up to 47% of total arsenic, with traces of phosphate sugar, glycerol sugar, methylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA). In the uncontaminated Grace Lake, zooplankton also contained arsenobetaine (AB). XANES characterization of arsenic in the whole plankton samples showed As(V)-O as the only arsenic compound in phytoplankton, and As(III)-S and As(V)-O compounds as the two major inorganic arsenic species in zooplankton. The proportion of organoarsenicals and inorganic arsenic in zooplankton depends upon the arsenic concentration in lakes and shows the impact of arsenic contamination: zooplankton from uncontaminated lake has higher proportions of organoarsenic compounds and contains arsenobetaine, while zooplankton from contaminated area contains mostly inorganic arsenic.     

Total and inorganic arsenic in rice and rice bran purchased in Thailand

Concentrations of total and inorganic arsenic were determined in 180 samples of polished and brown rice of three rice types, namely white, jasmine, and sticky, and 44 samples of rice bran from these three rice types purchased in Thailand. Concentrations (expressed in nanograms per gram) of inorganic arsenic in polished white, jasmine, and sticky rice were 68.3 ± 17.6 (with a range of 45.0 to 106), 68.4 ± 15.6 (41.7 to 101), and 75.9 ± 24.8 (43.5 to 156), respectively, while those in the three brown rice samples were 124 ± 34.4 (74.5 to 193), 120 ± 31.6 (73.1 to 174), and 131 ± 35.6 (78.0 to 188), respectively. Inorganic arsenic concentrations (expressed in nanograms per gram) in rice bran produced from the three rice types were 633 ± 182 (375 to 919), 599 ± 112 (447 to 824), and 673 ± 195 (436 to 1,071), respectively. Rice bran contained concentrations of total and inorganic arsenic approximately seven and nine times higher, respectively, than those found in the corresponding polished rice. The levels of inorganic arsenic in the three rice types of both polished and brown rice were within the only published regulatory limit of 200 ng/g.     

Antioxidant properties of rice grains with light brown,red and black pericarp colors and the effect of processing

The present work evaluated the concentration of total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPCs) and antioxidant activity (AOA) of rice grains with light brown, red and black pericarp colors and the processing effect on the concentration of TSPCs in the grain. Brown rice grains of ten ecotypes and six cultivars with red pericarp, one with a black pericarp and one with a light brown pericarp color, were evaluated. The concentration of TSPCs and AOA of rice grains with different processing (brown, polished, parboiled brown and parboiled polished) was determined, and the concentration of TSPCs was also determined in raw and cooked grains. Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of TSPCs and AOAs among genotypes with higher values obtained for grains with red and black pericarp colors, and a positive and significant correlation between these parameters was found. Parboiling reduced the TSPCs concentration in the grains due to the loss of part of them in the processing water, thermal decomposition and, possibly, interaction with other components. This reduction is related to the lower AOA in these grains. In a similar way, cooking also reduced the concentration of TSPCs, especially in brown and polished grains.     

苏州市地产大米重金属污染状况及人群膳食暴露风险评估

目的 研究苏州地产大米中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属污染状况, 并评估4种重金属对苏州居民的膳食暴露风险。方法 2019年从苏州市属9个区县采集本地产大米93份, 采用国标方法检测其中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属的含量, 依据GB2762-2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》对样品中重金属超标情况进行判定; 采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法评价大米中4种重金属的污染程度; 采用简单分布模型(确定性评估)的方法评价大米中重金属对苏州居民造成的膳食暴露风险。结果 全部大米样品中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属均未超过国家限量标准, 铅、镉、总汞和总砷污染水平均值分别为0.0208、0.0419、0.0027和0.0701 mg/kg, 各区县大米中重金属含量水平之间无统计学差别。大米中4种重金属单项污染指数均小于0.7, 污染程度处于优良水平; 综合污染指数小于0.7, 污染程度处于安全水平。苏州地产大米中铅的污染对苏州本地居民95%的儿童及所有成人均不会产生健康危害, 但可能对5%的儿童(高食物消费暴露者)产生潜在健康影响; 镉、总汞、总砷污染对成人和儿童均不会产生健康危害。结论 苏州市地产大米中重金属污染水平较低; 大米中铅的污染可能对高食物消费暴露儿童存在潜在健康危害。     

Effect of Environmental Temperature During Development of Rice Plants on Some Properties of Endosperm Starch

Starch granules were isolated from polished grains of rice plants (Oriza sativa L.) grown under controlled temperature conditions. Distribution of isoamylase-debranched starch materials and unit chain-length of amylopectin were examined by gel-filtration on columns. Higher environment temperature decreases amylose concentration in endosperm starches of Japanese rice cultivars. The amylose concentration in the endosperm starch is determined by the environment temperature 5 – 15 days after heading. Interestingly, the higher environment temperature seemed to increase the amount of long B chains and decrease that of short chains of amylopectin. The effect of environment temperature on pasting characteristics of starch by DSC, starch-granule digestibility by amylases and X-ray diffractograms of starch was also investigated.     

Contribution of water and cooked rice to an estimation of the dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of West Bengal,India

Arsenic contamination of rice plants by arsenic-polluted irrigation groundwater could result in high arsenic concentrations in cooked rice. The main objective of the study was to estimate the total and inorganic arsenic intakes in a rural population of West Bengal, India, through both drinking water and cooked rice. Simulated cooking of rice with different levels of arsenic species in the cooking water was carried out. The presence of arsenic in the cooking water was provided by four arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonate or dimethylarsinate) and at three total arsenic concentrations (50,?250 or 500?µg?l^?1). The results show that the arsenic concentration in cooked rice is always higher than that in raw rice and range from 227 to 1642?µg?kg^?1. The cooking process did not change the arsenic speciation in rice. Cooked rice contributed a mean of 41% to the daily intake of inorganic arsenic. The daily inorganic arsenic intakes for water plus rice were 229, 1024 and 2000?µg?day^?1 for initial arsenic concentrations in the cooking water of 50, 250 and 500?µg?arsenic?l^?1, respectively, compared with the tolerable daily intake which is 150?µg?day^?1.     

原子荧光法测定苹果中总汞和总砷含量不确定度评定

本文旨在建立原子荧光法测定苹果中总砷和总汞含量不确定度评定的方法。首先通过分析在测定过程中影响不确定度的各个因素,接着对这些因素的不确定度进行评估和量化,最后按数学模型计算出原子荧光法测定苹果中总汞和总砷含量,合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。原子荧光法测定苹果中总汞和总砷含量分别为5.256和189.750 μg/kg;相对扩展不确定度分别为14.694%和6.748%;结果表达分别为(5.256±0.772)和(189.750±12.804)μg/kg。不同浓度的待测样品要合理选择标准曲线的对应的浓度点;提高仪器稳定性,增加重复检测样品的次数;合理选择标准溶液的配制方法和移液器非常重要;总砷的测量值比总汞的测量值更接近真值,可信度更高。     

Contribution of water and cooked rice to an estimation of the dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of West Bengal, India

Arsenic contamination of rice plants by arsenic-polluted irrigation groundwater could result in high arsenic concentrations in cooked rice. The main objective of the study was to estimate the total and inorganic arsenic intakes in a rural population of West Bengal, India, through both drinking water and cooked rice. Simulated cooking of rice with different levels of arsenic species in the cooking water was carried out. The presence of arsenic in the cooking water was provided by four arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonate or dimethylarsinate) and at three total arsenic concentrations (50, 250 or 500 µg l^-1). The results show that the arsenic concentration in cooked rice is always higher than that in raw rice and range from 227 to 1642 µg kg^-1. The cooking process did not change the arsenic speciation in rice. Cooked rice contributed a mean of 41% to the daily intake of inorganic arsenic. The daily inorganic arsenic intakes for water plus rice were 229, 1024 and 2000 µg day^-1 for initial arsenic concentrations in the cooking water of 50, 250 and 500 µg arsenic l^-1, respectively, compared with the tolerable daily intake which is 150 µg day^-1.