Guidelines for assessments: Reactions to the commentators.

In this short article, the authors respond to the critiques of the four commentators (see records 2001-17060-010, 2001-17060-011, 2001-17060-012, 2001-17060-013 respectively) on the original "Guidelines" article (see record 2001-17060-009). They highlight areas of agreement and disagreement with the other authors in an effort to move the discussion forward. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Constructing a literature from case studies: Promise and limitations of the method.

This article responds to "Coaching at the Top: Assisting A Chief Executive and His Team ' (M. M. Krajl, 2001 see record 2001-01213-005) by critiquing the article. It extends the discussion by focusing on the desired characteristics of a case study and how a professional literature can be derived from well constructed case studies. Applying these principles to Krajl's article, the author notes some issues concerning the intervention and preceding assessment, including the choice of the term coaching to describe complex and multifaceted interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Commentary on two articles concerning generalized and specific cognitive deficits.

This is a commentary on essays in this journal issue by M. E. Strauss (see record 2001-17627-002) and R. A. Knight and S. A Silverstein (see record 2001-17627-003) on research methodology for studying cognitive deficits. Concentrating mostly on Knight and Silverstein's article, the authors review the psychometric issues in the matched-task design, analyze Knight and Silverstein's "process-oriented" objections to that design, and scrutinize their methods for studying cognitive deficits, examining 2 of their empirical studies as examples of those methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Integrating contingency managment with relapse prevention skills: Commnet on Silverman et al. (2001).

The study by K. Silverman, D. Svikis, E. Robles, M. L. Stitzer, and G. E. Bigelow (see record 2001-14365-002) demonstrates the effectiveness of a voucher-based reinforcement intervention in the treatment of pregnant women in treatment for substance abuse. The effects of prolonged initial abstinence as a form of "sobriety sampling" may serve to enhance long-term recovery by providing patients with rewards for maintaining abstinence. Several limitations to the study are addressed, including selection of the treatment sample and the absence of any follow-up data on drug use or relapse following completion of the 24-week treatment program. Recommendations are made to enhance maintenance of abstinence by providing coping-skill training for relapse prevention as an addition to the contingency management approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Let's Call the Whole Thing Off: A Response to Dawes (2001).

There has been a recent controversy regarding the validity of the Rorschach test. This comment is in response to criticism levied by R. M. Dawes (2001; see record 2001-18200-013) on the incremental validity of the Ego Impairment Index (EII), a Rorschach-derived measure of cognition, perception, and reasoning. The Dawes articles (1999 and 2001) serve as an example of the recent practice of placing extraordinary challenges on the Rorschach test. Dawes's arguments are examined and parallel examples are provided that demonstrate the bias used to judge the validity of the EII, the Rorschach, and psychological assessment. Still, in the face of criticism, the results (see Dawes, 2001) support the incremental validity of the EII. Thus, the conclusion presented in this Comment is that it is time for us to "call the whole thing off" and end the Rorschach controversy that has occupied so much recent attention and generated so few new ideas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Emotional Dog Gets Mistaken for a Possum.

H. D. Saltzstein and T. Kasachkoff (2004) (see record 2004-21519-004) critique the social intuitionist model (J. Haidt, 2001) (see record 2001-18918-008), but the model they critique is a stripped-down version that should be called the "possum" model. They make 3 charges about the possum model that are not true about the social intuitionist model: that it includes no role for reasoning, that it reduces social influence to compliance, and that it does not take a developmental perspective. After a defense of the honor of the social intuitionist model, this article raises 2 areas of legitimate dispute: the scope and nature of moral reasoning and the usefulness of appealing to innate ideas, rather than to learning and reasoning, as the origin of moral knowledge. This article presents 3 clusters of innate moral intuitions, related to sympathy, hierarchy, and reciprocity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conflict and counterproductivity in supervision—when relationships are less than ideal: Comment on Nelson and Friedlander (2001) and Gray et al. (2001).

In this comment, suggestions for research and practice pertaining to conflictual supervision relationships (M. L. Nelson & M. L. Friedlander, 2001) and counterproductive events in supervision (L. A. Gray, N. Ladany, J. A. Walker, & J. R. Ancis, 2001) are given. Studies that attempt to identify the "good enough" supervisor are also recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

M. Powell Lawton (1923-2001).

M. Powell Lawton, PhD (1923-2001), the founding editor of Psychology and Aging (1986-1991), died on January 29, 2001, of a brain tumor. Dr. Lawton's groundbreaking studies of the environmental psychology of later life and the needs of Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers, as well as his continuing interest in probing areas of health and well-being in aging, have played a major role in enhancing the quality of life of elderly people. Dr. Lawton was a strong advocate for the needs of elderly people. He was a delegate to the White House Conference on Aging in 1971, a member of the National Technical Committee on Housing, and chair in 1996 of APA's Ad Hoc Committee on Issues of the Older Adult. In addition to his scholarly achievements, Dr. Lawton was a wonderful mentor and friend to many in gerontology. He was truly a giant and will be missed greatly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

How does regulation of drug intake come about? Comment on Lynch and Carroll (2001).

W. J. Lynch and M. E. Carroll (see record 2001-06653-001) suggested 3 processes that contribute to the regulation of drug intake over time when drugs serve as reinforcers. The commentator suggests that none of these processes are necessary for drugs to function as reinforcers and hence are either secondary or superfluous to the study of drugs as reinforcers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methods for obtaining menstrual-cycle data in menstrual-synchrony studies: Commentary on Schank (2001).

J. C. Schank (2001; see record 2001-00190-013) claimed to identify 2 categories of error-measurement error and recall biases-in the methodology used in studies of menstrual synchrony. This commentary focuses on the 2nd of these, recall biases, and other errors that he argued may result from "allowing participants to fill out menstrual-cycle-onset calendars" (p. 3). J. C. Schank's detailed discussion of various types of recall biases is inappropriate and misleading given that the majority of menstrual-synchrony studies have used prospective menstrual calendars. The use of menstrual calendars is a well-accepted method in a number of research areas and demands little of participants. J. C. Schank questioned the validity of menstrual calendar data on the basis of assumptions about recall bias for which he had no evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Psychologist supply, managed care, and the effects of income: Fault lines beneath California psychologists": Erratum.

Reports errors in the original article by D. Pingitore et al (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2001, Vol 32[6], 597-606). In the first paragraph on page 601, lines 5-10 should read: "Net income for psychologists aged 40-54 years was significantly greater than for psychologists 39 years and younger (pt test for income differences by age group should be pp>.05). (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2001-05464-006.) Data from the 2000 California Survey of Psychological Practice (D. Pingitore, R. Scheffler, M. Haley, T. Sentell, & D. Schwalm, 2001) were used to measure psychologists' income variation associated with demographic characteristics, managed care participation rate, and mental health workforce supply concentrations. A 10% increase in the supply of psychologists in a psychologists' market of practice resulted in a $1,749 reduction in income compared with a $1,330 income reduction due to a 10% increase in managed care participation... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Collective reflexology: The complete edition.

Reviews the book, Collective reflexology: The complete edition by V. M. Bekhterev, edited by Lloyd H. Strickland, and translated by Eugenia Lockwood and Alisa Lockwood (see record 2001-18070-000). Bekhterev's view of the individual as a system of energy transformation and exchange has obvious affinities with Freud's views. In his foreword to Part 2, Strickland (pp. 278-281) notes that Bekhterev himself was aware of this similarity. However, Behterev attempted to distinguish himself from Freud in several ways, most notably by claiming to be more "objective" in his approach. For Bekhterev, the objective study of the mind meant observing its products (e.g., speech, social affiliation). For this reviewer, reading Bekhterev is refreshing because it harks back to a time when psychology was still a young and optimistic science. The confidence with which Bekhterev puts forth his views may in hindsight be na?ve, but it must have been wonderful to imagine oneself at the forefront of a new discipline, as Bekhterev so clearly did. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modernity, postmodernity, and psychology.

Responds to the S. Greer (see record 2001-00625-016), J. D. Raskin (see record 2001-00625-017), and M. Glassman (see record 2001-00625-018) comments on the J. Martin and J. Sugarman (see record 2000-08148-003) discussion on finding the middle ground between modern and postmodern approaches to psychology. All of the critiques are responded to in turn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Illusory conjunctions die hard: A reply to Prinzmetal, Diedrichsen, and Irvy (2001).

M. Donk (see record 1999-11444-003) showed that various data patterns that have been considered as evidence for the existence of illusory conjunctions may be due to errors of target-nontarget confusion, an account that challenges the mere, existence of illusory conjunction. In a reply, W. Prinzmetal, J. Diedrichsen, and R. B. Ivry (see record 2001-06699-002) argued against this conclusion, claiming that some earlier findings can be explained only when one assumes that illusory conjunctions exist. The current article shows that Prinzmetal et al.'s claims cannot refute any of Donk's earlier conclusions, suggesting indeed that one can only conclude that "illusory conjunctions are an illusion." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deeper into attachment and culture.

Replies to comments by 7 authors (see records 2001-18772-008, 2001-18772-009, 2001-18772-010, 2001-18772-011, and 2001-18772-012) in reference to the F. Rothbaum et al's original article (see record 2000-02781-001), which highlighted evidence of cultural variations in, and noted ways in which attachment theory is laden with Western values and meaning in comparisons of the US and Japan. Here, Rothbaum et al defend their central thesis and note areas of their agreement and disagreement with the aforementioned comments and criticisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strong claims and weak evidence: Reassessing the predictive validity of the IAT.

The authors reanalyzed data from 2 influential studies—A. R. McConnell and J. M. Leibold (see record 2001-11532-008) and J. C. Ziegert and P. J. Hanges (see record 2005-05102-011)—that explore links between implicit bias and discriminatory behavior and that have been invoked to support strong claims about the predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test. In both of these studies, the inclusion of race Implicit Association Test scores in regression models reduced prediction errors by only tiny amounts, and Implicit Association Test scores did not permit prediction of individual-level behaviors. Furthermore, the results were not robust when the impact of rater reliability, statistical specifications, and/or outliers were taken into account, and reanalysis of A. R. McConnell & J. M. Leibold (2001) revealed a pattern of behavior consistent with a pro-Black behavioral bias, rather than the anti-Black bias suggested in the original study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

New perspectives on autobiographical memory: The integration of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning.

Researchers from diverse psychological subdisciplines have increasingly turned their attention to the storied aspect of human thought. Narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning are 2 forms of this conscious thought. Narrative processing is the tendency to create thought units that use vivid imagery, sequential plots, characters, and salient goals. Autobiographical reasoning consists of interpreting and evaluating remembered experiences. Both forms of thought are discussed in D. P. McAdams's (see record 2001-06545-002) personality theory and D. B. Pillemer's (see record 2001-06545-003) cognitive research. S. Bluck and T. Habermas (see record 2001-06545-004) highlight developmental aspects of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning, particularly in adolescent identity formation. U. M. Staudinger (see record 2001-06545-005) illustrates how autobiographical reasoning about memories and life stories serves as a springboard for wisdom at different stages of the life cycle. Implications for integrating subdisciplines of psychology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the child psychopathology beast: A reply to Achenbach and Dumenci's (2001) commentary.

This article is a response to T. M. Achenbach and L. Dumenci's (2001) commentary (see record 2001-18163-011) concerning L. J. Lengua, C. A. Sadowski, W. N. Friedrich, and J. Fisher's (2001) article (see record 2001-18163-010) proposing an alternative scoring approach for the Child Behavior Checklist. The authors note that T. M. Achenbach and L. Dumenci do not comment on the stated goals of the alternative scoring approach and focus on a limited set of the results to make their argument. Although the original and proposed scoring approaches operate similarly, important differences suggest that the proposed scoring approach is promising for use in specific instances, including identifying distinct etiologies, developmental course, and co-occurrence of specific syndromes. The importance of combining rational and empirical approaches in articulating conceptual definitions and developing measures of child psychopathology is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)