知识管理：21世纪企业管理的新课题

文章分析了经济的主要特征,指出“知识”作为一种战略资源在新时代经济发展中的决定作用和“创新”对于企业生存与发展的重要意义,由此得出实施知识管理势在必行。文章论述了知识管理的对象和任务介绍了显性知识和隐性知识的特点、作用和对知识管理的不同要求,指出知识管理的核心任务是促进企业进行创新,介绍了技术创新、管理创新、制度创新的内涵和彼此之间的关系,强调创新需要配套进行。     

基于改进SIR模型的项目隐性知识转移因素解析

隐性知识作为组织重要资产,其成功转移与吸收对项目成败具有重要作用。隐性知识转移绩效受到转移主体比例、知识模糊性、接触率、学习意愿、遗忘率等因素的影响。通过类比分析传染病传播机制与项目隐性知识转移过程,引入SIR模型(susceptible infected recovered model),基于项目成员类型与知识传递过程,建立项目隐性知识转移改进SIR模型,围绕各因素变化对知识转移绩效影响进行仿真分析,进而发现隐性知识转移规律。结果表明,知识模糊性、遗忘率对知识转移绩效具有负向作用;组织成员接触率、学习意愿对转移绩效具有正向作用,可以有效降低其他因素的负向作用。因此,为促进隐性知识转移,应增加知识传播途径、知识学习者人数,提高成员间接触率,降低知识遗忘率,构建项目学习型组织共同体。     

隐性知识:质检技术机构不可或缺的变量

21世纪经济信息化时代,经济在向全球化、知识化、信息化发展的同时,经济形态正从工业经济向知识经济变革。知识经济中,隐性知识起着重要的、决定性的作用,成为持续竞争力的重要源泉。隐性知识的重要性已受到国内外学术界和企业界的广泛关注及应用。本文通过有关隐性知识的作用和来源等研究成果,提出了一些可供质检技术机构进行隐性知识管理的措施。指出隐性知识管理必将成为质检技术机构不可或缺的变量。     

知识互动共享视角——区域创新环境机理研究

创新本质上是知识再创造的动态过程。知识既是创新不可缺少的投入要素，又是创新的最终目标和产出。在介绍隐性知识传播障碍的基础上，分析了区域创新优势，从知识互动共享视角阐释了区域创新环境机理。     

企业隐性知识及其开发

企业隐性知识由于不易被对手复制和模仿,成为了企业最为持久的核心竞争能力所在.企业隐性知识的开发实质上就是发掘员工头脑中潜在的想法、直觉和灵感等隐性知识,使其转化为企业持续的竞争优势.由于存在隐性知识的难以表达性、知识垄断、知识不对称、缺乏信用体系以及组织体制的制约等障碍性因素,企业隐性知识的开发成为了一项难题.企业隐性知识可以通过诸如员工同有经验的专家一道工作,发挥非正式团体的作用,重视社会性软件在企业隐性知识分享中的作用,建立学习型历史文献以及建立有效的激励机制等方式来得到有效的开发.     

博客在知识管理中的优势与局限性

博客是一种新兴的网络交流方式，可以解释为使用特定的软件在网络上出版、发表和张贴文章。它是促使隐性知识转化为显性知识的有效推动器，在知识管理中起着重要的作用。本文主要分析了传统知识管理的缺点，探讨博客在知识管理中的应用的优势与局限性。     

知识经济与学习变革

知识经济时代的主题是创新知识，知识创新的基础是学习，因此知识经济也是学习经济。社会生活的核心、经济的特征与资源配置方式的改变必将导致人类学习方式及其特征的改变。文章试图从学习三个方面的重要转变——“从知识学习到能力培养、从知识运用到知识管理以及从知识占有到知识分享”来就知识经济对学习变革的影响进行探讨。     

思维的两重性及其向创造性思维的转化－－纪念钱学森院士《关于思维科学》发表15周年

进入21世纪的新时代，带来与思维相关的两个特征；创新与共融。关于创新，如何激发创造性思维？成为热门的话题。从唯物辩证法的哲学的认识论和真理的相对性的高度来探索，发现任何一种思维形式(包括演绎法思维和定势－习惯思维）都具有两重性，即非创造性与创造性并存，在一定条件下，非创造性思维可以转化或激发为创造性思维，产生新知识，获得创新成果。关于共融，如何进行思维的界定和分类，有许多种说法。笔者把心理学与生理学的成果融合起来，形成两大类，即左半脑主导的理性思维和右半脑主导的司性思维，其基本的思维形式的分类与思维的大类结合，成为两大类7种，把辩证法和共融结合，得到下列结论：理性思维与感性思维的统一，原有知识与新知识的统一，设想与验证的统一，发现与发明的统一，科学（真感）与艺术（美感）的统一。对最后一个结论，笔者以工业产品造型设计原理的探索为例加以说明。此原理在工业设计上属首次推出。     

浅谈高校图书馆隐性知识的探究与挖掘

在知识成为社会经济发展的重要资本和动力的当今社会,高校作为知识传播和创造的场所,高校图书馆在知识创造和运用中的作用非常重要。在图书馆的知识管理过程中,往往更强调显性知识管理,却忽略了图书馆中隐性知识管理的作用,这样就导致了图书馆的资源浪费。隐性知识是以一种不被人们关注和重视的方式存在的,它在图书馆的日常工作中一直暗含着,如何对图书馆隐性知识进行进一步的加强管理,合理的挖掘和利用图书馆隐性知识,已成为图书馆实施知识管理必须探究的一个重大课题。     

思维的两重性及其向创造性思维的转化*——纪念钱学森院士《关于思维科学》发表15周年

进入21世纪的新时代，带来与思维相关的两个特征：创新与共融。关于创新，如何激发创造性思维？成为热门的话题。从唯物辩证法的哲学的认识论和真理的相对性的高度来探索，发现任何一种思维形式（包括演绎法思维和定势-习惯思维）都具有两重性，即非创造性与创造性并存，在一定条件下，非创造性思维可以转化或激发为创造性思维，产生新知识，获得创新成果。关于共融，如何进行思维的界定和分类，有许多种说法。笔者把心理学与生理学的成果融合起来，形成两大类，即左半脑主导的理性思维和右半脑主导的悟性思维。其基本的思维形式的分类与思维的大类结合，成为两大类7种。把辩证法和共融结合，得到下列结论：理性思维与感性思维的统一，原有知识与新知识的统一，设想与验证的统一，发现与发明的统一，科学（真感）与艺术（美感）的统一。对最后一个结论，笔者以工业产品造型设计原理的探索为例加以说明。此原理在工业设计上属首次推出。     

知识视角下设计驱动的颠覆式创新方法研究

目的 颠覆式创新是企业实现跨越式追赶的重要路径,针对当前识别颠覆式创新机会的不足,基于知识基因与深度学习协同优化,提出设计驱动的颠覆式创新早期识别方法。方法 梳理知识视角下设计驱动的颠覆式创新流程,针对创新模糊前端阶段并基于“产品知识基因”的概念,首先通过大数据文本分析方法洞察用户未来需求,进行产品意义重构;其次对相关领域专利数据进行“主语—行为—宾语”结构与“技术—关系—技术”结构语义分析并建立产品知识库;最后在此基础上类比基因工程思维模式重组技术方案,寻求产品颠覆式创新。结论 以未来空调为设计研究对象,验证研究方法的可行性与有效性,能够帮助企业识别颠覆式创新设计机会,对优化资源配置和规划设计战略具有现实指导价值。     

The External Sourcing of Technological Knowledge by US Pharmaceutical Companies: Strategic Goals and Inter-organizational Relationships

This study of the organization of the discovery function by large US pharmaceutical companies (LPCs) examines an important knowledge acquisition strategy—external sourcing of compounds and technologies. Through a critical examination of the “capabilities” thesis in strategic management and of the theoretical conceptualization in organization studies of innovation networks, we undertake an in-depth qualitative analysis of the network relationships LPCs establish with biotechnology firms/public research laboratories. We additionally examine the motivations and degree of strategic intent of R&D managers involved in external knowledge sourcing. The paper identifies the tensions and contradictions in network relationships and indicates how these lead to changes in knowledge sourcing. This qualitative analysis is placed in its industry and technology context. This reveals both the pressures towards and the trends in external knowledge sourcing, as compared with in-house discovery. Extensive interviews with US LPCs and biotechnology firms provide a rare glimpse of how some of the most important actors in global innovation networks handle a significant new innovation strategy.     

采矿业发展知识经济的思考

章指出,采矿工业是以自然资源为生产对象的古老产业,面对知识经济浪潮,应从技术创新,管理创新,教育（培训）创新三个方面制定可持续发展的战略方针,向着高度信息化,数控采矿环境,充分利用低品位资源,保持完好的生态环境,大力提高企业综合竞争能力迈进。     

Knowledge dynamics as drivers of innovation in Haute Cuisine and culinary services

This paper analyses current innovation processes in Haute Cuisine and develops new insights into the nature of Haute Cuisine innovation and its institutional and organisational preconditions. The paper proposes an innovation paradigm that explains the roles of symbolic, synthetic and analytical knowledge during the various phases of innovation and challenges the innovation activity in Haute Cuisine as a linear model. It also explains the continuum between tacit and explicit knowledge throughout the innovation process. Symbolic knowledge has instilled Haute Cuisine and culinary tendencies, is a key element in its marketing and has allowed local cuisine to be branded internationally. The article aims to fill a research gap that has recently arisen on the existing tensions between idea creation and exploitation in Haute Cuisine innovation. The role of science appears as a tool that supports a chef’s creativity but does not substitute or drive it. This paper fulfills an identified need to study the innovation processes of Haute Cuisine to which academia has dedicated scarce attention. The paper analyses a case study, with a strong institutional focus, a complex and relevant example of the innovation tendencies in Haute Cuisine. It presents a rich case that comprises the complete process from the original inspiration to the final commercialisation.     

基于3M特征的设计知识表达模型

针对目前支持创新设计的知识多是分类表达和管理,缺乏统一的知识表达和管理模型的问题,提出了一种基于3M（multi-attribute multi-dimensional multi-hierarchy,多属性多维度多层次）特征的知识统一表达与管理方法。根据支持创新设计的知识需求,将知识属性分为创新属性和基本属性两大类：创新属性是对知识内容的抽象化提取并实现知识间的多属性关联,包括知识的功能、输入输出流、TRIZ原理、领域属性;基本属性是对多学科知识物理属性的具体表述,包含背景、功能、原理、结构属性。通过建立基于知识创新属性和基本属性统一架构的知识表达模板,实现对不同类型知识的综合表达与交叉迁移,并根据该方法构建了相应知识库原型系统。以核反应堆堆下结构改进设计为例,说明了知识库的应用流程。结果表明此知识模型能够实现对设计知识的统一表达和管理,有利于知识的查找和应用,能有效地辅助设计者进行创新设计。     

A knowledge accumulation approach based on bilayer social wiki network for computer-aided process innovation

Under the fierce competition, manufacturing companies pay more attention to innovation and the knowledge that enables innovation. Manufacturing process innovation is a knowledge-intensive activity, and efficient knowledge accumulation is the prerequisite and basis for computer-aided process innovation (CAPI). Hence, this research aims to build an open knowledge accumulation approach to obtain organised and refined process innovation knowledge (PIK). By considering the similarity of PIK network with biological neural network and combining the technical characteristics of social network with wiki, a novel PIK accumulation schema based on bilayer social wiki network is proposed. In social wiki network environment, PIK is accumulated in public knowledge space through participants’ social interactions and knowledge activities. The process of knowledge fusion is investigated to form the preliminary knowledge containing collective intelligence, and the mechanisms of collaborative editing and collaborative evolution are studied to refine the knowledge. The outcomes of this study lay the foundation for knowledge application of CAPI. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.     

A novel approach for analysing evolutional motivation of empirical engineering knowledge

Empirical engineering knowledge (EEK), a specific technical know-how about solving engineering problems, is frequently accumulated and reused in this era of mass innovation and knowledge-driven economy. Since EEK is abidingly evolving because of the intense business competitions, continual technical renovations and wide industrial concern, it’s a new challenge both in theories and applications of knowledge management to analyse EEK evolution and its motivations. This paper proposes a novel approach to tackle this non-trivial issue. Based on the constructed domain hierarchy and EEK networks, EEK clusters are grouped and represented with populations, latent topics and distributions. Then four kinds of evolutional patterns are defined and recognised from the EEK clusters in neighbouring time intervals. The evolutional motivations of these patterns are discovered from the important evolutional events, with the proposed abductive reasoning algorithm. This paper also integrates all techniques, and implements a knowledge management system EEK-KEAS in computer-aided design (CAD), a typical engineering field. Experimental result shows that EEK-KEAS operations well in revealing the evolutional motivations of CAD EEKs, and outperforms the former approaches in feasibility and effectiveness, thereby opening up a novel way for further understanding the evolution of EEK.     

Innovation and international business

Abstract

While classical economic theories of growth emphasised international capital accumulation, and finance-based theories of foreign investment stressed international interest rate differentials and risk reduction, the technological accumulation approach examines international knowledge building by multinational enterprises and their international business (IB) networks. The two processes of innovation and internationalisation have become ever more interconnected as central drivers of development since the first industrial revolution, through to today’s information age. The increasing significance of the knowledge-seeking motive for IB networks and of competence-creating subsidiary activities at a local level have linked localised innovation systems to IB and to international knowledge exchange. From a locational perspective, international knowledge connectivity has become critical for sustained innovation and growth. The shift of techno-socio-economic paradigm in the information age is associated with a shift in the character of IB and innovation, with critical implications for IB theory and concepts.     

External Knowledge and Innovation Performance in Clusters: Empirical Evidence from the Uruguay Software Cluster

The importance of geographic proximity for innovation has been widely stressed in the cluster literature. Yet, new insights from the inter-organisational network and cluster literatures underline the role of non-local linkages in enabling firms in networks to enhance learning and to innovate. This paper contributes to this literature by examining the importance of local and non-local knowledge networks for the innovation performance of firms in clusters. Our analysis is based on primary data from a survey of 95 software firms clustered in Montevideo, Uruguay. The results highlight that the most innovative firms in clusters heavily rely on non-local knowledge networks. Moreover, the number of indirect local ties to other firms is a better predictor of innovative performance than the number of direct local ties. Finally, our findings confirm the presence of knowledge gatekeepers in clusters and emphasise their role in enhancing innovation in clusters by absorbing knowledge from extra-cluster sources and diffusing it to other local firms.     

概念知识系统与概念信息粒格

在概念格的基础上给出了概念知识格以及概念信息粒格,讨论了概念信息粒之间的蕴含关系及由概念生成不确定规则的方法.给出了任意对象集和属性集构成概念信息粒的方法,以及迭代形成概念的方法,从而刻划出认知的逐步深化过程.