三维离散颗粒单元模拟无黏性土的工程力学性质

基于三维离散单元颗粒流理论,引入了在极限剪力状态下颗粒间可以发生滑动的接触本构模型,建立颗粒体试样,并赋予颗粒相应的细观结构参数进行无黏结摩擦材料的三维应力应变数值模拟。通过大量的颗粒流数值试验,从细观力学角度对砂土的工程力学特性进行了初步的模拟研究。对砂土的室内常规三轴试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下三维颗粒体试样与室内三轴的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了试样的加载曲线。通过进一步分析颗粒细观结构参数变化对组成材料的宏观力学的影响及其剪切位移场的形成和发展规律,结果表明颗粒介质之间的摩擦系数、颗粒组成材料的孔隙率对材料的宏观力学行为有比较明显的影响。研究的意义在于理想的颗粒流数值模拟试验能够突破常规的室内土工试验能力及其局限性,对于砂土的细观结构的影响研究成为可能,并且揭示了微观的一些规律,对今后的岩土工程的颗粒模拟提供了有价值的参考。     

干砂强夯动力颗粒定向细观颗粒流分析

通过引进和开发二维颗粒流程序,基于相似理论建立了可以模拟砂土地基强夯加固的细观颗粒流模型,结合小比尺室内细观模型试验,从颗粒细观力学角度入手对干砂在强夯冲击加固过程中的颗粒定向特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明,数值模拟结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,实现从细观角度揭示干砂强夯动力微观加固机理,研究工作为今后砂土强夯加固宏细观机理研究提供了一条新的思路。     

颗粒破碎对砂土剪切性质影响的离散单元研究

采用离散单元方法,建立了圆形颗粒、不破碎非圆形颗粒和破碎非圆形颗粒的数值试验模型,进行了砂土的双轴剪切试验,研究了颗粒破碎现象对砂土物理力学性质的影响,分析了颗粒破碎和颗粒形状对试样强度的影响以及围压对颗粒破碎性质的影响。研究结果表明：颗粒破碎现象严重影响砂土的峰值强度以及体积应变性质,并且低围压下颗粒形状对强度影响大于颗粒破碎,随着围压增大,颗粒破碎的影响逐渐增强;围压影响颗粒破碎发生的速率和最终的破碎率;由对颗粒破碎的位置和试样内位移场的追踪可得到颗粒破碎的细观演化规律及破碎带的分布范围,破碎带分布范围与围压有关。     

应力路径和颗粒级配对砂土变形影响的细观机制

利用GDS应力路径三轴试验系统与颗粒流程序PFC2D,对2种不同颗粒粒径与级配的青岛海砂进行不同应力路径下的室内三轴试验与数值模拟试验,探研应力路径和颗粒级配对砂土影响的细观机制。首先,进行青岛粗细砂在不同密实度与3种应力路径下的室内三轴试验,获得青岛粗细海砂的宏观力学响应,并进行初步地机制分析;然后,进行与室内试验匹配和补充的PFC2D数值模拟试验,挖掘室内物理试验中难以得到的细观信息,如颗粒配位数,转动速度,颗粒位移等,定量地解释不同级配的砂土在不同路径下力学响应的细观原因;最后,进行不同颗粒级配砂土在循环加载路径下力学性质的PFC2D数值试验,从细观角度分析砂土在该路径下的变形机制。     

基于PFC2D的砂土原生各向异性微观机理数值试验

采用颗粒流PFC数值模拟方法,生成符合标准砂室内单元试验结果的离散元数值试验试样。运用重力沉积法建立不规则砂土颗粒单元的平面双轴试验模型,给定不同沉积步数对试样不同初始原生状态进行模拟,然后分别从水平和竖直方向上施加荷载增量,得到不同沉积条件下不同加载方向上砂土试样宏观应力应变曲线和力学参数。数值试验结果显示,重力沉积步数对颗粒微观长轴定向排列、平均配位数有显著影响;初步建立了砂土微观结构变化和宏观应力应变曲线及力学参数的联系;分析了砂土试样表现出的宏观原生各向异性力学特性与内部颗粒结构的关系。     

考虑颗粒破碎的砂土临界状态特性描述

近年来,随着土石坝和高填方等工程的兴建,粒状土得到了广泛的应用。粒状土在高应力作用下会发生颗粒破碎的现象相当严重,因此粒状土的颗粒破碎问题不容忽视。为了更合理地描述颗粒破碎对粒状土中砂土力学特性的影响,首先分析砂土试验结果,得出了砂土颗粒分别在平均正应力和剪应力作用下的破碎特性。其次,基于UH(unified haedening,统一硬化)模型,引入可以表示砂土压缩破碎和剪切破碎的相关参数,建立了可以考虑颗粒破碎的砂土本构模型。该模型不仅能够反映砂土的剪胀、剪缩、应变硬化和软化等特性,而且可以反映在平均正应力的作用下,不同的压缩曲线最终会归一的特点,同时还能够反映剪应力作用下砂土临界状态线下移的现象。最后,使用模型预测了Lade的常规三轴试验,模型预测结果与试验结果符合良好,说明该模型能够合理地描述砂土的力学特性。     

考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土一维压缩试验离散元模拟

离散单元法被广泛地应用于颗粒破碎的问题研究中。利用离散元软件PFC-2D对粗粒土一维压缩试验进行数值模拟,可视化压缩过程中颗粒破碎情况和破碎规律。模拟得到了粗粒土一维压缩的log e-logσ曲线,探究初始粒径尺寸、颗粒间摩擦系数、颗粒破碎情况、颗粒破碎准则对于压缩特性的影响。随着初始粒径的增大,压缩系数增大,而屈服应力明显减小;随着颗粒间摩擦系数的增大,压缩系数增大,屈服应力减小;颗粒破碎情况对压缩曲线特性基本无影响;随着破碎准则中分维D的增大,压缩系数增大,屈服应力略有减小。考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土一维压缩试验离散元模拟为研究压缩曲线的压缩特性提供了新方法,是对室内一维压缩试验的补充。     

颗粒流模拟土的工程特性(英文)

本文基于颗粒流理论,引入不同的颗粒接触连接本构模型,分别建立了砂土和粘性土的颗粒流模型。通过颗粒流数值模型试验,从细观力学角度对土的工程力学特性作了初步的研究。对砂土和粘性土的室内平面应变试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下颗粒流试样与室内试验的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了砂土和粘性土试样应力-应变关系。通过分析围压-时步曲线、体变曲线和不同阶段的颗粒位移场的变化规律,研究了剪切带的形成与发展规律。     

三维空心扭剪试验的颗粒流模拟关键技术研究

空心圆柱扭剪仪是一种研究土在复杂条件下应力–应变关系的十分有力的工具。基于三维离散单元颗粒流理论,引入叠式刚性墙体模拟技术,模拟空心圆柱砂土试样在定向剪切条件下的三维应力–应变关系及微观参数的变化;并且对叠式刚性墙的优势进行探讨,表明叠式刚性墙能较好的捕捉到砂土试样的局部化效应。结合室内空心圆柱扭剪试验,对比三维颗粒体试样与室内试验的应力–应变关系曲线,再现试样的加载曲线,对剪切带的宏观和微观特性进行探讨。通过不同测试圆的参数变化,再现空心圆柱加载过程中局部效应,包括不同部位的应力、应变、孔隙率和接触数的变化,并对室内空心圆柱仪的适用性进行评价。最后给出由孔隙比和剪应变速率表征的剪切带在不同应变条件下的形成和发展的过程。通过三维颗粒流数值模拟空心圆柱扭剪试验,突破室内试验测试技术的局限性,使对砂土在复杂应力状态下宏细观参数的研究成为可能,为今后岩土工程的颗粒流模拟提供参考。     

砂土双轴试验的颗粒流模拟

采用颗粒流程序 ,对砂土试样的双轴试验进行了数值模拟。将数值计算结果和室内试验实测结果进行了比较 ,发现颗粒流方法能较好地模拟室内试验。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的性质 ,给出了在不同颗粒单元参数时砂土试样的宏观性质 ,其结果对研究土体的本构模型有一定的应用价值     

基于粒度熵概念的贝壳砂颗粒破碎特性描述

对取自福建莆田湄洲湾海域的贝壳砂进行了不同围压、不同相对密度下的三轴排水剪切试验,同时考虑了尺寸效应的影响。依据试样试验前后粒径分布资料,在统计熵概念基础上提出颗粒破碎粒度熵模型对其破碎率进行了度量,并与Hardin颗粒破碎模型进行了比较,结果表明：贝壳砂颗粒破碎率与围压、相对密度及试样尺寸均有关系,在相同试验条件下,贝壳砂颗粒破碎程度随着试样尺寸的增加而增大,随着围压的增加而增大;当相对密度较低时,颗粒破碎率呈增大趋势;相对密度增加到较高值时,颗粒破碎程度减弱;贝壳砂三轴压缩前后的级配曲线均可以通过粒度熵模型参数表征,其中相对基础熵参数（NB）较好地反映了颗粒破碎程度大小,破碎率愈高,NB值愈小,NB与Hardin破碎率存在显着的线性关系。贝壳砂颗粒破碎粒度熵参数能较好地描述其颗粒破碎行为,为岩土介质材料的颗粒破碎分析提供了一个新的量化指标。     

粒状岩土材料颗粒破碎演化规律的模型预测研究

 荷载作用下粒状岩土材料的颗粒破碎改变了粒径分布,从而影响其力学特性。为了揭示应力水平对颗粒破碎的影响规律,利用一系列高压应力下的侧限压缩试验研究钙质砂和石英砂的压缩变形、应力–应变关系、粒径分布的演化和颗粒破碎特性。在此基础上,建立描述粒状岩土材料的应力水平与孔隙比、体应变、相对破碎率等相关关系的数学模型。研究结果显示：无论是钙质砂还是石英砂,随着应力水平的增加,一旦颗粒破碎增长致使砂粒趋向分形分布,体应变与相对破碎率的比值将保持恒定。恒定比值意味着基于体应变就可估算相对破碎率,其数值为石英砂大于钙质砂。如果颗粒分布发展至分形分布,其孔隙比、体应变、相对破碎率的增量随应力水平的变化规律,可以用形式统一的数学模型表达。基于试验获得的模型参数,该模型可用于预测颗粒在分形分布阶段的相对破碎率。     

RELATIVE DENSITY EFFECTS ON UNDRAINED SAND BEHAVIOR AT HIGH PRESSURES

A systematic investigation of the undrained behavior of sand at high pressures was performed to study the effects of initial relative density on the stress-strain, pore pressure, and strength behavior. Experiments were conducted on Cambria sand with initial relative densities of 30% and 60%, and the results are compared with previously published data for an initial relative density of 90%. Triaxial compression and extension tests were performed on cylindrical specimens with isotropic consolidation pressures in the range from 8 to 60MPa. Particle crushing played an important role in the observed behavior. Stress-strain, pore pressure, and strength behavior were found to be very similar and almost independent of initial relative density at high pressures, because the isotropic compression curves tend to merge once particle breakage becomes important at these high pressures. Effective stress friction angles for undrained compression and extension tests varied systematically in the range from 32° to 35° with slightly higher values for the compression tests. Interpretation of all results from the experimental study in terms of total stresses shows that sand at high pressures behaves similar to a normally consolidated clay.     

The role of particle breakage in the mechanics of a non-plastic silty sand

A detailed investigation was carried out on a silty sand from Bo?tanj, Slovenia, in order to identify the role that particle breakage plays in test interpretations and mechanics. The soil was tested up to a high pressure in the triaxial and oedometer apparatus. Unexpected for a silty sand, the basic patterns of behaviour, in terms of strength and stiffness, were found to be similar to those of many previously investigated clean sands, with unique and parallel Normal Compression and Critical State Lines at higher stress levels and a horizontal asymptote to the Critical State Line at lower stress levels. The stiffness was controlled primarily by the state of the soil relative to the location of these lines. Despite the better grading, there was still very significant particle breakage. However, the breakage was largely confined to the coarse fraction. The grading curves after various tests all showed convergence with the initial grading towards 1 μm, which may therefore represent the comminution limit. It is believed that it is the particle breakage that caused the behaviour to follow a simple Critical State type of framework and why transitional or non-convergent compression behaviour was not found.     

珊瑚礁砂砾料力学行为与颗粒破碎的试验研究

珊瑚礁砂砾石是中国南海岛礁建设的主要填料,因为特殊的生物成因和多孔隙的颗粒结构,极易产生颗粒破碎。对取自南海某岛礁的珊瑚礁砂砾石填料开展了大型压缩试验、三轴排水剪切试验和三轴不排水剪切试验,研究了压缩指数、杨氏模量、剪胀和强度等基本工程力学指标与颗粒破碎的变化规律。在相同的压缩作用下,疏松试样比密实试样的颗粒破碎程度更大。颗粒破碎程度随着压力的增大而显著增大,导致珊瑚礁砂砾料的压缩模量和杨氏模量随压力的增大增幅不明显,峰值摩擦角和临界状态摩擦角随压力的增高而显著降低。颗粒破碎过程具有明显的应力路径和应力历史依赖性,有无预压作用的相同密度的试样表现出显著不同的压缩特性,相同密度和初始压力的试样在排水和不排水剪切下也表现出明显不同的剪胀和强度特性。峰值摩擦角依赖于应力路径和颗粒破碎的演化过程;临界状态摩擦角与最终的颗粒破碎指标值有较好的相关性,与颗粒破碎的产生过程无关。     

常压至高压下砂土强度、变形特性试验研究

 砂土材料常压至高压下的强度、变形特性是构建砂土模型的首要问题。开展3种粒组砂土8 MPa围压范围内的等向压缩试验以及0.2～6.4 MPa围压范围内的三轴剪切试验,将砂土常压至高压范围内的力学特性进行系统分析,以获得能够将常压至高压范围内的强度、变形特性进行统一描述的力学参数。通过研究发现：(1) 砂土在高压下出现一定量的颗粒破碎,改变了砂土的剪切耗能机制,使得砂土三轴压缩剪切由剪胀软化特征向剪缩硬化特征转变;(2) 砂土材料的三轴压缩剪切峰值应力比受砂土粒径、围压共同影响,M-C强度准则在高压条件下不再适用;而残余应力比则基本不受粒径、围压的影响,是典型的无黏性摩擦型岩土力学参数,应作为砂土基本力学特性指标;(3) 砂土材料在常压至高压范围内的剪切过程中存在较明显的临界状态现象,临界状态曲线与等向压缩曲线形态相同均呈指数衰减型并在高压条件下产生交叉,两者共同构成砂土材料的状态区间能够体现常压至高压范围内的剪胀与剪缩特征。     

Effect of grain crushing and bedding plane inclination on Aqaba sand behavior

This paper reports an experimental investigation into the inherent anisotropy and particle breakage of natural Aqaba sand. The natural sand specimens were subjected to one dimensional compression to induce breakage. The grain size distributions of the specimens were obtained before and after the application of the stresses. Thereafter, the sand shear strength parameters were assessed using direct shear box tests. The results indicate that peak shear strength parameters show little decrease with increasing particle breakage. However, the dilatancy component of the shear strength diminishes with increasing particle breakage and a considerable amount of dilation occurs on samples with a higher bedding plane, regardless of the extent of particle breakage.     

Particle breakage in triaxial shear of a coral sand

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of particle breakage using numerous triaxial tests on a coral sand. Coral is a highly crushable granular material which fills the gaps between more crushable and less crushable granular materials. The monotonic tests and cyclic tests were terminated at the designated axial strains and the designated cyclic numbers, respectively. The grain size distributions were measured by sieve analyses of the specimens after the triaxial tests were performed. The relative breakage and relative fractal dimension were used to quantify the particle breakage. The cause of particle breakage that increased with increasing isotropic consolidation stress was shown to be isotropic stress. An almost linear increase in particle breakage in relative breakage was found as axial strain increased, whereas the increase in particle breakage in relative fractal dimension showed upward convexity. More particle breakage occurred in denser samples. During consolidation to the identical mean effective stress, the anisotropic stress state played a bigger role in particle breakage than the isotropic stress state, but during shearing particle breakage occurred more sharply in the triaxial tests with the isotropic consolidation to the higher confining pressure. In the cyclic shearing, the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension increased in upward convexity as the cyclic number increased, but in upward concavity with increasing axial strain. A hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the relative fractal dimension with the relative breakage for use with both monotonic and cyclic tests. In the monotonic tests, a hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension with the plastic work per unit volume. It is proposed that the loading-mode-induced (i.e., monotonic loading and cyclic loading) different mechanism of particle breakage meant that this model could not be applicable in the cyclic tests. The results suggested that the hyperbolic correlation of the particle breakage in relative fractal dimension and the plastic work per unit volume is the most reliable method of interpreting the energy consumption characteristics of particle breakage. This approach takes the fractal nature of soil into consideration. A microscopic view of particle breakage is also effective for observing the evolution of particle breakage.     

Shear behaviour of methane hydrate bearing sand with various particle characteristics and fines

It is recognized that methane hydrate (hereafter referred to as MH) is trapped in the sand sediments of alternating sand and mud layers in the turbidite of the Nankai Trough, Japan. The existence of fines within the marine sediment significantly affects its mechanical and physical properties. A series of plane strain compression tests at high pressures were performed in order to investigate the effect of the particle characteristics and fines content of the host sands on the shear behaviour of MH bearing sands. MH bearing sands were artificially produced using rounded glass beads and three other silica sands with different fines contents. A high-pressure low-temperature testing apparatus was equipped with a camera to observe deformation of the specimens during shearing and particle image velocimetry analysis was conducted on pictures taken during the experiments. The experimental results show that strength enhancement due to the bonding effect in MH bearing sand increases with the level of fines content. Values for both the cohesion and friction angle of MH bearing sand composed of Toyoura sand increased along with increasing MH saturation. However, in the case of MH bearing glass beads, only the value for cohesion increased when MH was formed. The maximum shear strain of MH bearing glass beads was mostly concentrated near the shear band. While the maximum shear strains of the three other MH bearing sands were concentrated within the shear band, some was widely distributed in the region outside of the shear band. A rise in the degree of MH saturation increased the angle and narrowed the width of the shear band, regardless of the fines content.