42CrMo钢精车加工表面残余应力有限元仿真研究

基于ABAQUS软件建立了42CrMo锻钢活塞外圆精车加工的二维切削仿真模型,采用单因素法研究了切削参数对残余应力的影响规律.结果 表明:42CrMo钢精车加工过程中,热应力引起的残余拉应力起主导作用,已加工表面产生残余拉应力并沿深度方向迅速转变为压应力.残余应力层深度随进给量和背吃刀量的增大而增大,切削速度对残余应力层深度影响不显著.表面残余拉应力随切削速度和进给量的增大而增大,背吃刀量对表面残余应力影响不显著.最大残余拉应力出现在工件已加工表面以下,表面残余应力、最大残余拉应力和最大残余压应力随切削参数的变化趋势与切削温度随切削参数的变化趋势基本一致.     

金属切削变形对已加工表面质量的影响

当工件进入装配成为机器零件后,已加工表面质量对该零件的使用性能会造成很大的影响。表面质量的主要标志是表面粗糙度、加工硬化和残余应力。根据金属切削原理中对切削变形的研究理论,分析了金属切削变形对表面形成过程的内在影响:积屑瘤的生成增加了表面粗糙度值;刀具刃口和后刀面的挤压及摩擦使表面产生加工硬化;机械应力和热应力引起的变形使加工表面产生残余应力。     

刀具齿数对7050铝合金薄壁筋铣削残余应力的影响

在相同刃口参数和切削参数条件下,采用整体硬质合金螺旋立铣刀进行7050铝合金薄壁筋高速铣削试验,并通过X射线衍射法测量在不同刀具齿数和刃口跳动下的表面残余应力。结果表明:两齿刀具切削产生拉应力,三齿刀具切削产生压应力;刃口跳动量小的刀具所产生切削残余应力值波动小;提高切削线速度将增大应力值并使其向拉应力方向偏移。     

轴承钢硬态切削表面残余应力的研究

为了揭示轴承钢硬态切削中切削用量对工件已加工表面残余应力的影响规律,运用金属切削软件AdvantEdge在不同切削用量条件下进行了热力耦合切削仿真。结果表明:硬态切削后工件已加工表面出现残余压应力,随着深度的增加残余压应力值减小并逐渐转变为拉应力;切削速度和进给量对残余压应力影响较大,残余压应力最大值随着切削速度的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,但作用深度变化较小,进给量增加时残余压应力最大值和作用深度均增加;背吃刀量增加时残余压应力最大值和作用深度变化幅度很小。研究结果可为残余应力控制和工艺参数优化提供理论指导。     

切削液对切削残余应力分布影响的实验研究

在分析切削液通过机械效应和热效应对工件加工表面残余应力产生作用的基础上,采用自来水和水性、油性、乳性切削液对45钢进行车削,对试样产生的残余应力和干车削试样比较,观察不同切削液对加工残余应力的影响特点。实验结果表明切削液可以降低残余拉应力或者增大残余压应力,作用效果和切削液冷却及润滑性能有关,同时受切削条件的限制;使用切削液有利于改善工件切削表面残余应力状态,可以把对残余应力的影响能力作为切削液性能评估内容。     

高速切削铝合金温度和残余应力的仿真研究

利用有限元软件Advant Edge进行高速切削铝合金温度和残余应力的仿真研究,分析数据获得:随着切削速度和进给量的增加,切削温度不断上升,残余拉应力和残余压应力具有一定的规律;随着背吃刀量的增加,切削温度、残余拉应力和残余压应力基本稳定。     

Cu-Ni-Sn合金精加工表面残余应力有限元仿真研究

为研究Cu-Ni-Sn合金精加工后表面残余应力层深分布及大小,根据室温和高温下Cu-Ni-Sn合金流动应力—应变曲线数据,构建了试验条件下Cu-Ni-Sn合金的J-C本构模型,采用有限元分析法研究了切削参数和刀具几何角度对Cu-Ni-Sn合金加工表面残余应力的影响规律,并采用正交试验法和极差分析法对表面残余应力进行了优化分析。分析结果表明：Cu-Ni-Sn合金精车加工后,表层残余应力呈现“勺型”分布,表层残余拉应力沿深度方向转变为压应力;表层最大残余拉应力和最大残余压应力与切削速度和切削深度呈正相关,最大残余拉应力随刀具前角增大而减小;表层残余拉应力与最大残余压应力随刀具后角的增大而减小;采用正交试验法和极差分析法得到对表层最大残余拉应力的影响显著性排序为切削速度>刀具前角>刀具后角>切削深度。     

铝合金7050-T7451直角切削表面的残余应力研究

采用单因素直角切削试验,对硬质合金刀具切削铝合金7050-T7451加工过程中形成的已加工表面残余应力进行了研究。使用X射线衍射应力测试技术对残余应力进行测量,得到了不同切削参数对应的残余应力值。通过考虑刃口半径的存在,阐述了已加工表面残余拉应力和压应力的产生机理,同时分析了切削速度、切削深度等参数对残余应力值的影响规律。     

难加工材料硬态干车削中切削参数对残余应力的影响

本文对切削参数和残余应力之间的关系的进行研究.针对某型号高强高硬钢在硬态干车削过程,研究了各切削参数对已加工表面残余应力及残余应力层深分布的影响.结果发现,不同的切削参数条件下,工件已加工表面残余应力可以为拉应力也可以为压应力,残余应力作用层深度为300μm左右.对残余应力影响较大的切削因素为切削速度和进给量,切深对残余应力影响较小,切削参数选择低速低进给时,容易得到有利于提高工件疲劳寿命的表面残余压应力.     

超声振动切削铝合金表面残余应力的有限元仿真

针对航空铝合金结构件加工的表面质量问题,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了基于Johnson-Cook本构的铝合金7050-T7451二维正交热力耦合模型。在相同的切削参数下,比较了传统切削、横向(即切削方向)振动切削和纵向(即轴向)振动切削加工的表面层残余应力,并研究了超声振动切削参数、振动频率、振动幅值下,对残余应力的影响规律;通过引用相关文献残余应力的实验数据,验证了仿真模型的正确性。研究结果表明:3种切削方式的表面残余应力均为压应力,沿深度方向向残余拉应力过渡,并且振动切削可以明显提高工件表面的残余压应力;表面残余压应力随切削速度和切深的提高而减小,表面残余压应力随着振幅或频率的增大而逐渐增大。     

Experimental investigation of residual stress distribution in pre-stress cutting

This paper presents an analysis and experimental study on the formation and distribution of machined surface residual stress in pre-stress cutting. In the first component of the paper, the mechanical and thermal effect on residual stress is analysed. The results show that machined harden layer and cutting heat transfer conditions are crucial to form residual stress in a machined surface. Residual stress has three kinds of distributions in different mechanical and thermal conditions: tensile stress, compressive stress and tensile–compressive stress. If pre-stress is applied, it would facilitate residual compressive stress in the machined surface effectively; its action is analysed with an experimental study. The experiment is carried out by hardened 40Cr alloy steel turning with different tool rounds and pre-stress loading; the results obtained in this study indicate that the tool round would redound to generate residual compressive stress in the machined surface and affect the residual stress distribution significantly, whilst pre-stress load can affect the magnitude of residual stress actively, but does not for its distribution. It is found that the experimental results of residual stress distribution are consistent with the theoretical analysis.     

Improved analytical model for residual stress prediction in orthogonal cutting

The analytical model of residual stress in orthogonal cutting proposed by Jiann is an important tool for residual stress prediction in orthogonal cutting. In application of the model, a problem of low precision of the surface residual stress prediction is found. By theoretical analysis, several shortages of Jiann’s model are picked out, including: inappropriate boundary conditions, unreasonable calculation method of thermal stress, ignorance of stress constraint and cyclic loading algorithm. These shortages may directly lead to the low precision of the surface residual stress prediction. To eliminate these shortages and make the prediction more accurate, an improved model is proposed. In this model, a new contact boundary condition between tool and workpiece is used to make it in accord with the real cutting process; an improved calculation method of thermal stress is adopted; a stress constraint is added according to the volume-constancy of plastic deformation; and the accumulative effect of the stresses during cyclic loading is considered. At last, an experiment for measuring residual stress in cutting AISI 1045 steel is conducted. Also, Jiann’s model and the improved model are simulated under the same conditions with cutting experiment. The comparisons show that the surface residual stresses predicted by the improved model is closer to the experimental results than the results predicted by Jiann’s model.     

Predictive modeling of residual stress in minimum quantity lubrication machining

Residual stress is one of the critical characteristics for assessing the surface integrity of machined components as it poses a strong bearing on the service quality, functionality, and life of the machined components. The machined-in residual stresses can be affected by cutting parameters, tool geometry, material properties, and lubrication conditions. A physics-based relationship between residual stresses and processing conditions could support process planning in achieving desirable part quality and functionality. This paper presents an analytical model that predicts the residual stresses in machining under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition as functions of cutting parameters, tool geometry, material properties as well as MQL application parameters. Both the lubrication and cooling effects caused by MQL air–oil mixture contribute to changes in friction due to boundary lubrication as well as changes in the thermal stress due to heat loss. The cutting force and cutting temperature are coupled into a thermal–mechanical model which incorporates the kinematic hardening and strain compatibility to predict the resulting residual stress under lubricated conditions. The residual stress prediction model is verified for orthogonal tube facing of TC4 alloy. The predicted residual stresses captured the measured results well in terms of the trend and magnitude.     

Al2O3/TiC系梯度功能陶瓷刀具材料的设计

提出了对称型双向分布的梯度功能陶瓷刀具材料的设计模型。根据陶瓷刀具切削时刀楔内的应力分布规律,对不同组成分布情况下梯度材料制备过程中的残余热应力进行有限元计算,以残余应力部分缓解切削过程中的外载应力为目标来设计组成分布。提出了优化设计原则。     

Optimization of cutting conditions for minimum residual stress,cutting force and surface roughness in end milling of S50C medium carbon steel

Residual stresses are usually imposed on a machined component due to thermal and mechanical loading. Tensile residual stresses are detrimental as it could shorten the fatigue life of the component; meanwhile, compressive residual stresses are beneficial as it could prolong the fatigue life. Thermal and mechanical loading significantly affect the behavior of residual stress. Therefore, this research focused on the effects of lubricant and milling mode during end milling of S50C medium carbon steel. Numerical factors, namely, spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut and categorical factors, namely, lubrication and milling mode is optimized using D-optimal experimentation. Mathematical model is developed for the prediction of residual stress, cutting force and surface roughness based on response surface methodology (RSM). Results show that minimum residual stress and cutting force can be achieved during up milling, by adopting the MQL-SiO₂ nanolubrication system. Meanwhile, during down milling minimum residual stress and cutting force can be achieved with flood cutting. Moreover, minimum surface roughness can be attained during flood cutting in both up and down milling. The response surface plots indicate that the effect of spindle speed and feed rate is less significant at low depth of cut but this effect significantly increases the residual stress, cutting force and surface roughness as the depth of cut increases.     

残余应力作用下的航空整体结构件加工变形仿真

铝合金预拉伸板在成型过程中会产生较大的残余应力,在切削过程中毛坯的初始残余应力的释放对整体结构件的宏观变形有重要的影响。在弹塑性力学的基础上,综合运用Hypermesh和ABAQUS建立残余应力单因素作用下的三维铣削仿真加工变形场的有限元模型,利用生死单元技术模拟了材料的去除,分析了铝合金板材材料去除过程中残余应力释放引起的加工变形规律。并且运用Hypermesh提高了有限元前处理的速度,解决了复杂模型的残余应力加载困难与单元去除困难的问题。     

短纤维增强金属基复合材料界面微塑性变形区的研究

建立了包括金属基复合材料增强体短纤维体积比、长径比、热残余应力、外载作用及短纤维相互扰动应力等的微塑性变形区细观力学模型,分析了外载、热残余应力、短纤维长径比等对微塑性变形区尺寸范围的影响,并结合不同短纤维长径比的复合材料微屈服试验,分析了材料微塑性变形区与微屈服强度的关系。结果表明,材料微屈服强度受微塑性变形区的尺寸范围、位错密度等多种因素的综合影响。     

重载货车车轮踏面制动辐板热应力分析

采用大轴重货车是解决我国铁路货运能力不足的主要途径之一,然而提高轴重意味着车轮踏面所受的制动热负载将会增大,这可能导致大轴重货车车轮辐板热损伤加剧。因此,有必要通过对不同轴重车轮热应力的对比分析,揭示轴重大小对车轮辐板损伤的影响规律,为制定大轴重货车运行和制动条件提供支持。提出研究此问题的新思路,采用热弹塑性有限单元法,模拟在热处理工艺过程中车轮辐板残余应力分布状况,使得车轮存在仿真制动工况所需的初始残余应力。对重载运煤专线—大秦线全程循环制动进行模拟,计算得到车轮制动功率—时间历程,仿真在此工况下30 t重载货车车轮辐板的温度场和热应力场的分布状况。计算比较21 t、25 t和30 t轴重货车车轮在大秦线全程循环制动中热应力和制动完全结束后的残余应力的变化规律。结果表明,车轮在热处理后,车轮辐板残余应力是不可忽视的。随着轴重的增大,车轮辐板将承受更大的热应力和残余应力。     

Investigation of the coupled distribution of initial and machining-induced residual stress on the surface of thin-walled parts

Residual stress on the machined surface and the subsurface is known to influence the distortion of thin-walled parts. Therefore, it is essential to predict the distribution of surface residual stress accurately. In this paper, the coupled distribution law of initial residual stress and machining-induced residual stress is investigated. Firstly, a model with initial residual stress is established and incorporated into thermal mechanical coupled finite element model of 2-D cutting. Then, a tensile fixture is designed to impose initial stress into a thin-walled part of Al-6061, and cutting experiments are carried out. The residual stress distribution is measured by X-ray diffraction/electropolishing method. The results of experiments and simulation show that in the plastic deformation zone, the initial residual stress has no significant influence on the distribution of the machining-induced residual stress. In the elastic deformation zone, the stress that linear grows along depth from zero to initial residual stress is superimposed on machining-induced residual stress. The mathematical model of stress coupling distribution on the surface of thin-walled parts is established by numerical method. Finally, it is found that the effect of coupled stress distribution on distortion is more significant with the decrease of thickness (from 3 to 0.5 mm) of the thin-walled parts.     

Optimal design of an extrusion process for a hinge bracket

This study considers process design in forming a hinge bracket. A thin hinge bracket is typically produced by bending a sheet panel or welding a hollow bar into a sheet panel. However, the hinge bracket made by bending or welding does not have sufficient durability in severe operating conditions because of the stress concentration in the bended region or the low corrosion resistance of the welded region. Therefore, this study uses forming to produce the hinge bracket part of a foldable container and to ensure durability in difficult operating conditions. An extrusion process for a T-shaped hinge bracket is studied using finite element analysis. Preliminary analysis shows that a very high forging load is required to form the bracket by forging. Therefore, extrusion is considered as a candidate process. Producing the part through the extrusion process enables many brackets to be made in a single extrusion and through successive cutting of the extruded part, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost. The design focuses on reducing the extrusion load and on ensuring shape accuracy. An initial billet is designed to reduce the extrusion load and to obtain a geometrically accurate part. The extruded part is bent frequently because of uneven material flow. Thus, extrusion die geometries are designed to obtain straight parts.