Homodyne optical coherent systems based on polarization modulation

The first homodyne receiver for polarization modulated optical signals is proposed and analyzed. It is based on the detection at the receiver of the four quadratures that completely characterize the received optical field and on the estimation of the Stokes parameters starting from them. This allows homodyne detection to be carried out without phase locking the local oscillator to the received signal. An accurate performance evaluation is carried out both at the quantum limit and in the presence of phase noise for a binary system based on an antipodal decision in the Stokes space. The system structure is described. The quantum limit performance is evaluated, and the phase-noise induced penalty is evaluated using an accurate analytical model     

Simultaneous 45.2 Gbit/s 4-PAM data and 8 GHz reference frequency clock signal transmission over DWDM VCSEL channels for optical interconnects

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)-based simultaneous 45.2 Gbit/s (2×22.6 Gbit/s) 4-PAM data and 8 GHz (2×4 GHz) phase modulated reference frequency (RF) clock signal transmission dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system for optical interconnects. Two low-cost power-efficient 10 G VCSEL channels with central wavelengths at 1 550.71 nm and 1 551.11 nm are separately modulated with 22.6 Gbit/s 4-PAM data, therefore doubling the channel bit rate. Carrier spectral efficiency per channel is further maximized by exploiting the phase attribute in transmission of a 4 Hz RF clock signal. To further maximize the network capacity, the two VCSEL channels are densely multiplexed at 0.4 nm spacing. We therefore experimentally achieve the network data rate of 45.2 Gbit/s with 8 GHz phase modulated RF clock signal. The results show that receiver sensitivities of ?11.02 dBm and ?9.98 dBm are experimentally achieved for VCSEL channels of 1 550.71 nm and 1 551.11 nm respectively without the phase modulated RF clock signal. However, the introduction of a phase modulated clock signal contributes to a maximum interference penalty of 0.57 dBm and 0.41 dBm for the considered channels respectively. Simultaneous distribution of transmission data and reference clock signal over shared network structure maximizes the carrier spectral efficiency and network capacity with low cost.     

Video transmission in optical fiber communication systems usingpulse frequency modulation

A design procedure has been developed to determine the required operating conditions for a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) system (modulation index, required system bandwidth, and receiver carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) for a specified receiver SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and number of clicks per second. The PFM processing gain (=SNR/CNR) was measured to be 40 dB for a modulation index of β=2.5, which agrees closely with the theory. The theoretical processing gain advantage of PFM over FM is 15.9 dB for a modulation index of β=2.5 with receiver bandwidth B_rx =50 MHz     

A high resolution frequency multiplier for clock signal generation

This paper presents a high resolution frequency multiplier (FMUL) with the ability to multiply frequency with a programmable high multiplication factor, in the order of 10²-10⁴ and of the form N/M. It was designed for chip-sets that use a real time clock (32768 Hz) for power-save operation, and an additional high-frequency oscillator, in the range of 40-60 MHz, for regular operation. Using the FMUL spares the need for the additional high-frequency oscillator. The FMUL's frequency resolution is 100 ppm, and its jitter is less than 200 ps. The circuit is designed to work with 25 V supply voltage. It is implemented in a standard 0.8 pm N-well CMOS process, and its area is 0.48 mm²     

Analysis of signal degree of polarization degradation used ascontrol signal for optical polarization mode dispersioncompensation

The basic property of degree of polarization (DOP) degradation of optical signal induced by polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in high-speed optical fiber transmission is investigated in detail. The DOP of the optical signal reflects the degree of waveform degradation caused by PMD, therefore, it is proposed to be used as the control signal judging the best compensation point for the optical adaptive PMD compensation techniques. However, the signal DOP is not only affected by PMD, but also by various factors, such as the modulation format, modulator chirp, fiber nonlinearity, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), and so on. We use numerical simulations and experiments to explore the basic DOP property to detect PMD with these factors. We also show that using the signal DOP as control signal is especially useful for the optical duo-binary modulation because of its high sensitivity and wide PMD detection range     

Single-side-band optical modulation in SCM systems for high-speed optical transmission

In order to decrease dispersion penalty and increase the optical bandwidth efficiency,an optical single-side-band modulation(SSBM) scheme in sub-carrier multiplexing(SCM) is proposed.The principle of the SSBM is analytically presented,and a configuration for generating optical SSB signal is proposed using a balanced Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator.     

Electrical and optical clock distribution networks for gigascale microprocessors

A summary of electrical and optical approaches to clock distribution within high-performance microprocessors is presented. System-level properties of intrachip electrical clock distribution networks corresponding to three microprocessor families are summarized. It is found that global clock interconnect performance and short-term jitter present the greatest challenges to the continued use of conventional clock distribution methodologies. An extrapolation of trends describing the percentage of clock period consumed by global skew and short-term jitter identifies the 32-nm technology generation of the 2002 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) as the first technology generation within which alternate methods of clock distribution may be warranted. Research efforts investigating interboard through intrachip optical clock distribution are also summarized. An optical distribution network compatible with high volume manufacturing in conjunction with a suitable means of providing optical-to-electrical signal conversion comprise the two fundamental challenges facing successful implementation of an optical clock distribution network. It is found that a global guided-wave distribution capable of efficient input and output coupling of optical power is required to meet the first challenge. The identification of a suitable means of optical-to-electrical conversion, however, remains an active topic of research.     

Trellis coded polarization shift keying modulation for digital optical communications

The application of the well-known technique of trellis coded modulation to coherent optical communications using polarization shift keying (POLSK) is described and analyzed. The resulting receiver is formed by a front-end which performs the heterodyne detection and the Stokes parameter extraction, cascaded with an electronic Viterbi processor operating the maximum likelihood estimate of the transmitted sequence. Results in terms of the error event probability using optimum as well as a simpler suboptimum branch metric show power gains of the order of 3-4 dB, at the expense of a reasonable increase in complexity, only concerning the processing in the electronic domain. These coding gains are not lost even in the presence of high levels of phase noise, to which POLSK in general is highly insensitive.<>     

光通信用垂直腔面发射激光器的进展

垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)以其优异的性能有望成为信息时代的新光源.文章介绍了用于光通信的VCSEL的开发现状.     

Polarization recovery in optical polarization shift-keying systems

For the first time, a solution to the problem of recovering and tracking the signal constellation at the receiver side for binary and octonary digital optical transmission systems employing the modulation of polarization (POLSK) is proposed and analyzed. The effect of two recovery algorithms on the system performance is evaluated in terms of power penalty induced at P(e)=10^-9, acquisition and tracking speed, and hardware complexity. The results show that very small penalties are obtainable in practical situations by properly designing the recovery algorithms     

Time and reference frequency transfer over 850 nm VCSEL for digital telecommunication network synchronization

Accurate time transfer and synchronization between different network nodes is a key functional requirement in digital communication. Developments in optical fiber-based frequency dissemination techniques have improved optical frequency stability over time to much lower levels. In this work, we experimentally present the reference frequency transfer employing 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) over 100.3 m OM3 multimode fiber for synchronization of clocks on networked devices such as servers and racks/pod at different data center network nodes. A low-cost power-efficient multimode VCSEL with central wavelength at 844.26 nm is directly modulated with a 2 GHz reference frequency (RF) clock signal, and transferred over 100.3 m of OM3 multimode fiber. The single side band (SSB) phase noise of ?104.62 dBc/Hz and ?100.70 dBc/Hz is experimentally measured at back-to-back (B2B) and 100.3 m OM3 multimode fiber transmission respectively at a 1 kHz frequency offset. The jitter stability of 0.14 ps and 0.15 ps is experimentally achieved at B2B and 100.3 m fiber transmission, respectively. This work provides an alternative viable approach for the development of time keeping devices in high-speed short-reach optical communication systems.     

低信噪比情况下调频信号的瞬时频率估计

提出一种基于互Wigner-Ville分布(XWVD)的瞬时频率迭代估计方法.理论分析了该方法的收敛性,通过仿真比较了各种瞬时频率估计方法在噪声下的估计方差,证明此方法在低信噪比情况下对估计线性调频信号的瞬时频率有较好的效果.并采用加窗的方法改进了此算法,仿真结果证明,改进的方法对非线性调频信号的瞬时频率进行了有效估计.     

子波长粒度光信号传输的频域均衡设计和性能分析

针对弹性光网络(EON)的应用,提出了一种基于电域子载波复用的子波长粒度光信号传 输技术,具有高灵活性、细 粒度、高效率等特点。同时,电域数字信号处理技术的使用,支持对不同的子波长粒度信号 进行独立的调 制方式、传输速率等灵活配置。为了适应子波长粒度光信号在EON中的传输要求 ,还提出了一 种基于线性频率啁啾导频信号的信道估计和频域均衡(FDE)的方法,重点研究和分析了基于 导频的FDE和基 于训练序列的时域均衡(TDE)的性能对比,以及不同的FDE算法的性能对比。仿真结 果表明,基于线性频率 啁啾导频信号的迫零FDE算法,不仅能有效进行色散补偿,改善系统传输性能,而 且具有低算法复杂 度的优势。同时,为了满足了子波长粒度EON对频隙和路由配置的灵活性需求, 通过仿真详 细研究子波长粒度光信号的数目、传输距离和调制阶数等对传输性能的影响。仿真结果表 明,基于线性 频率啁啾导频信号的信道估计和FDE的方法,在不同的光网络配置下均具有良好的 适应性,是实现灵 活可调的光收发机和子波长信号动态重构的关键技术之一。     

正弦平滑时间幅度调制的低抖动时钟信号产生

针对低抖动时间幅度调制时钟信号引入滤波失真的问题,提出了一种正弦平滑改进的时间幅度调制方法,对时间幅度调制时钟信号进行正弦函数平滑处理,在保持过零点抖动较小前提下,改善时钟信号的频谱特性。仿真分析和现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array, FPGA)硬件实现结果表明,产生的正弦平滑时间幅度调制时钟信号有效抑制了带限失真,优于普通的数字压控振荡器和原始的时间幅度调制时钟信号。     

Frequency stability of a waveguide-type frequency selection switchfor optical FDM distribution systems

This work describes the frequency stability of a 128-channel waveguide-type frequency selection switch (FSSW) for optical FDM distribution systems. Special attention is given to crosstalk level degradation due to chip temperature changes. First, the allowable total crosstalk level for the FSK-direct detection scheme is discussed both theoretically and experimentally. Next, taking the crosstalk degradation into consideration, the allowable ambient temperature change is estimated. Finally, the influence of the applied power change in the switching operation is evaluated. As a result, it is estimated that the FSSW is sufficiently stable without additional feedback loops, even if the ambient temperature change is wider than ±43°C     

对LFM信号的阶梯波调频干扰方法

介绍了一种基于阶梯波频率调制的假目标干扰方法,分析了分段移频调制对线性调频(LFM)信号的调制原理以及干扰信号的匹配滤波处理结果。基于LFM信号的时频耦合特性,理论分析表明,对LFM信号进行分段并附加不同的多普勒频率调制,可以产生多个假目标。通过仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性和正确性,并验证了均匀调制、非均匀调制时的干扰效果。实验结果表明该方法可以灵活实现不同幅度、不同间隔的多假目标干扰效果,是一种行之有效的有源干扰方法。     

All-optical clock distribution with synchronous frequency division and multiplication

A master optical clock from a mode locked laser is distributed to two slave twin section lasers. One slave laser divides the optical modulation frequency by 2, the other slave laser multiples the frequency by 2. It is also possible to vary the multiplication-division ratio in a slave laser using only DC control of the absorber of the twin section laser.<>     

光学原子钟系统激光小型驱动锁频电路研制

针对光学原子钟的系统工程化需求,研制了一种集成LD(激光二极管)电流和温控驱动的全数字稳频电路系统,整个电路外形体积为120mm×80mm×40mm。通过光抽运铯原子系统测试,可以得到高信噪比的ramsey干涉花样,测试结果显示,该电路系统的稳频精度小于1 MHz。     

Signalling experiment for optical frequency division multiplexedswitching systems

A signalling experiment for the optically switched data transmission of a 140 Mbit/s FSK modulated carrier is demonstrated. Optical control pulses determined in the frequency and time domains are generated and routed to an optically controlled bistable gate. The signalling, controlling, and switching remain completely in the optical domain