Optical properties of an Er3+-doped phosphate glass waveguide formed by single-energy H+ ion implantation

In this work, we report the fabrication of an optical waveguide by single-energy H+ ion implantation in the Er3+-doped phosphate glass. The ion implantation conditions are with energy of 0.4 MeV and a fluence of 8.0×1016 ions/cm2. The dark mode spectrum of the waveguide structure was measured by the prism coupling experiment. The refractive index change along with the penetration depth was fitted by using the reflectivity calculation method (RCM). Finally, the calculated near-field light intensity distribution shows superior waveguide properties, which demonstrates its promising potentials for compact optical integrated devices.     

Planar optical waveguides prepared in GIL49 and BK7 glass substrates by K+-Na+ ion exchange with the electric field assistance

This report focuses on research into waveguides prepared by K⁺-Na⁺ ion exchange with the help of an electric field, and the subsequent comparison with waveguides prepared by pure thermal ion exchange. The goals of this work were to determine the characteristics of and to address the technological problems associated with waveguides prepared in two types of highly pure optical glass: special soda-lime silica GIL49 glass produced from pure raw materials and commercially prepared borosilicate BK7 glass. An appropriate chemical mixture, KNO₃:Ca(NO₃)₂ in the molar ratio of 41:59, was used as the source of potassium ions. Experiments were conducted at temperatures between 250 and 410°C, and electric field values between 0 and 150 V/mm. The number of modes, depth, profile, and the change in refractive index (Δn) were measured for samples from each type of glass under various technological conditions. All of these parameters can be controlled accurately and repeatedly by the electric field. These experiments have also shown that a particular advantage of these types of pure glass is the low waveguide optical losses (0.1 to 0.2 dB/cm) attainable.     

Fiber-compatible K+-Na+ ion-exchanged channelwaveguides: fabrication and characterization

A systematic study of waveguides fabricated by K⁺-Na ⁺ exchange in soda-lime silicate and BK7 glasses is presented. The measured K⁺ concentration profile, the refractive index profile, and the diffusion profile obtained by solving the one-dimensional diffusion equation are correlated to explain the differences in the index profiles in the two glasses. The mobility of the potassium ions was measured by fabricating waveguides using electromigration. Surface waveguides formed by diffusion from a molten KNO₃ salt bath were buried by applying an electric field. Single-mode channel waveguides for operation at a wavelength of 1.3 μm that exhibit excellent mode matching with conventional optical fibers, achieving a fiber-waveguide insertion loss of less than 1 dB for a 20-mm-long waveguide, have been obtained     

光敏玻璃在飞秒激光作用下的析晶

采用高温熔融法制备了银掺杂的锂铝硅酸盐微晶玻璃.经近红外飞秒激光照射和热处理后,通过显微镜观察及X射线衍射分析发现,玻璃内部形成以银原子为晶核的Li2O·Al2O3·3SiO2多晶结构微晶,晶体细小,呈乳白色,为六方晶系,呈现空间取向分布结构.飞秒激光照射部位玻璃折射率发生明显变化,出现析晶;未照射部位折射率无明显变化,仍为玻璃体.利用光致折射率变化和飞秒激光的空间选择特性,可望在玻璃内部实现微光栅、波导、微机械器件、光学掩模等微结构.     

Waveguide Filter on Base of Dielectric the Bragg Structure for Millimeter Waves Applications

It is considered and offered the waveguide band elimination filter with the working mode H₁₀ that can be used in millimeter waves devices such as up, down- converters, mixer, etc. The characteristics of the filter was calculated by using analogy in electromagnetic the waveguide propagation and optical the wave propagation in the medium with the specific refractive index N. This conception can be applied for party-filled waveguide in the case when the Brillouin decomposition of the waveguide waves into plane waves is correct and the transformation of the incident (propagating) mode into other the mode types is absent. In this work were calculated the spectrum energy transmittance T(f) in the filter stop band and the wavelength λ ₀ in the center of this band using the characteristic equation obtained in the result of theoretical consideration. Theoretical results are compared with experimental measurements.     

Optical properties of epitaxialLaF3/SrF2/GaAs(111) heterostructure waveguidesfabricated by molecular beam epitaxy

Thin film slab waveguides of lanthanum fluoride clad with strontium fluoride grown epitaxially on GaAs (111) are characterized by optical and structural techniques. Crystallinity, surface roughness, refractive indexes and propagation loss measurements suggest that these structures show promise for monolithically integrated infrared (IR) pumped IR down-conversion and visible upconversion laser devices. Propagation losses as low as 3.7 dB/cm at 633 nm were measured in samples which show waveguide propagation over distances of several centimeters. Simulation of the scattering losses due to surface roughness provides an approximate delineation of surface and nonsurface contributions to the optical loss. Typical root-mean-square surface roughness of the lanthanum fluoride layer was on the order of 3 nm. The morphology appears to be dominated by grain boundaries     

Planar silica-glass optical waveguides with thermally inducedlateral mode confinement

A new type of planar silica-glass optical waveguide is proposed utilizing the thermo-optic effect of glass. The vertical mode-field confinement is defined by the core slab sandwiched between the upper and lower claddings while the lateral confinement is achieved due to localized increase of refractive index induced by the thin-film heater placed on the upper cladding. An analytical expression of the steady-state temperature distribution across the waveguide cross-section is derived and the induced mode-field characteristics are analyzed by solving the vector-wave equation using the mode-matching method. Mode propagation losses due to the metallic heater and the leakage into the silicon substrate are both calculated. The bending loss of this thermally induced waveguide is also analyzed for future device implementation using this waveguide     

光波导传输损耗测量新方法

详细介绍了一种测量光波导传输损耗的匹配液测量法.通过将波导插入折射率高于波导芯层的液体将光线耦合出波导,获得波导传输线上各点实际通过的光强,拟合出光强传输衰减曲线.与传统测量方法相比,本方法可对波导进行重复性测量,尤其适用于传输损耗低于0.1 dB/cm光波导的测量.     

溶胶—凝胶法制备PZT薄膜的结构和波导特性

采用溶胶－凝胶方法制备了ＰＺＴ（５０／５０）薄膜，用椭偏仪和透射光谱分别测量并计算了年鉴备在Ｓｉ（１１１）、石英玻璃基片上薄膜的折射率、研究了薄膜的相结构与折射率之间的关系以及折射率和消光系数的色散关系。用棱镜耦合的方法测量了薄膜的波导损耗，并给出了波导损耗与工艺过程的关系。     

Y分支3维光波导横截面折射率分布

为了实现一个表达式同时反映Y分支光波导在纵横两方向上的折射率分布,通过对玻璃结构和离子交换过程进行分析,采用逆向分离变量法提出了基于横向和纵向两个方向折射率分布函数乘积的横截面折射率分布函数,并利用MATLAB软件对优化结果进行了编程模拟。利用Tl+-Na+离子交换法在BK7玻璃基底上制备了Y分支12型3维光波导,利用雅明干涉法对光波导横截面的折射率分布进行了测量。结果表明,利用改折射率分布函数模拟得到的Y分支光波导横截面折射率分布与雅明干涉法实验测得的结果吻合。该改进型折射率分布函数可以对Y分支光波导横截面折射率分布进行模拟,能准确快捷地对Tl+-Na+离子交换Y分支3维光波导横截面折射率分布进行重建。     

条形介质加载型表面等离子体波导传输特性的研究

采用二维时域有限差分(FDTD)法,分析对比了 介质-金属(IM)结构和金属-介质-金属(MIM) 结构波导对光波传输特性的影响,以及通过对IM结构的尺寸、折射率进行优化得到最佳传 输长度。数值 结果表明,IM结构波导能使光波传输距离更长。对IM波导结构研究发现,当介质层厚为 300nm,金属 层厚为200nm时,传输效果最佳。基于这个参数的IM结构,计算介质 层折射率对IM波导光传输特性的影响发现,介质层折射率为1.5时, 在模场约束较好的情况下,传输损耗降低,表面等离 子体波的传输长度最长。整体优化后的条型波导可以实现最大传输距离为37μm。这一设计和优化波导结构 参数的方法不仅拓宽了介质加载型表面等离子体激元(SPP)波导结构的理论基础,在纳米光 学集成器件研究上也具有一定的应用潜能。     

Red to blue upconversion luminescence in Tm doped ZrF4-ZnF2-AlF3-BaF2-YF3 optical glass

We report on the preparation and optical spectroscopy analysis of a new fluoride glass in the chemical composition of 20ZrF₄-30ZnF₂-25AlF₃-10BaF₂-15YF₃ with Tm³⁺ as the luminescent ions. Under an UV source, this material has displayed an intense blue emission colour. Upon excitation with a red wavelength at 688 nm (³H₆→³F₃), this glass has shown two upconverted blue emissions at 452 nm (¹D₂→³F₄) and 474 nm (¹G₄→³H₆), respectively. Possible mechanisms involved in such upconverted blue emissions are explained via ground state absorption and excited state absorption processes through an energy-level structure diagram of Tm³⁺(4f¹²). By the successful application of Judd-Ofelt calculations, the luminescence results have successfully been analysed. Besides obtaining a clear understanding of the optical characteristics of this glass, we have also measured its physical properties such as the refractive indices at three different wavelengths in order to evaluate its light dispersion performance, glass density and other related parameters as well.     

Densely Aligned Multichannel Polymer Waveguide With Low Inter-Channel Crosstalk

We succeeded in fabricating an acrylate-polymer based four-channel parallel optical waveguide with densely aligned graded-index (GI) circular cores (58-mum pitch) by the preform method. Although inter-channel optical crosstalk is concerned in such highly integrated channels, we verify a strong confinement effect of electric field at the core center achieved by parabolic refractive index profile (GI). Low inter-channel crosstalk is demonstrated by the polymer waveguides with densely aligned GI cores.     

中红外4 μm波长下MgF2晶体脊形光波导的制备及特性研究（特邀）

为了研究离子与中红外晶体相互作用的机理,探索中红外晶体光波导的制备和性能,采用离子辐照技术结合精密金刚石刀切割,在MgF₂晶体材料中制备了深度17.5 μm、宽度14 μm的脊形光波导。采用SRIM软件模拟了C5+离子辐照MgF₂晶体的电子能量损伤和核能量损伤的过程,分析了波导的形成机理;模拟了波导的折射率变化,并对波导的近场模式进行了实验测量和理论模拟;采用热退火处理来降低波导的传输损耗,将传输损耗降低为0.4 dB/cm;微拉曼光谱证明离子辐照过程并未对MgF₂晶体波导区造成较大的晶格损伤。该工作表明,离子辐照技术结合划片机精密切割是一种十分成熟的脊形波导制备手段,制备的MgF₂晶体脊形光波导在中红外集成光学和光通讯领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

硅包层质子交换条形光波导的频率响应

退火质子交换工艺已成为一种制备低损耗铌酸锂光波导的重要技术.但目前对该类光波导传输特性的研究还不多.利用半矢量光束传播法,对硅包层X切退火质子交换铌酸锂条形光波导的频率响应特性进行了数值分析.给出了几种波导结构参数下的计算结果.结果表明,波导传输模式的衰减特性与波长相关.波导的衰减特性,可以通过调整波导表面中心处折射率增量,硅包层厚度,及缓冲层的折射率和厚度来控制.硅包层光波导可以用来制作光频滤波器.     

Tunable photonic crystal waveguide coupler with nematic liquid crystals

Photonic crystals (PCs) have great potential in applications for their ability to control lightwave propagation and the possibilities of implementing PC-based optical waveguide into waveguide coupler systems. In this letter, the novel tunable PC waveguide coupler based on nematic liquid crystals is proposed, and its coupling properties are numerically investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The coupling length of PC waveguide couplers with liquid crystals is shorter than the coupling length of coupler without liquid crystals at the same input wavelength. The refractive indexes of liquid crystals can be changed by rotating the directors of liquid crystals. Then, we can control the direction of light propagation in PC waveguide coupler. These results may provide novel application of switching devices in optical circuits.     

Properties of cobalt-doped zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on glass substrates

Undoped and cobalt-doped zinc oxide (CZO) polycrystalline piezoelectric thin films (Co: 3, 5 at.%) using a series of high quality ceramic targets have been deposited at 450 °C onto glass substrates using a pulsed laser deposition method. The used source was a KrF excimer laser (248 nm, 25 ns, 2 J∕cm²). X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the Co-doped ZnO films crystallize in a hexagonal wurtzite type structure with a strong (0 orientation, and the grain sizes calculated from these patterns decrease from 37 to 31 nm by increasing Co doping. The optical waveguiding properties of the films were characterized by using a prism-coupling method. The distinct M-lines of the guided transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes of the ZnO films waveguide have been observed. With the aim of study the optical properties of the ZnO films, an accurate refractive index and thickness measurement apparatus was set up, which is called M-lines device. An evaluation of experimental uncertainty and calculation of the precision of the refractive index and thickness were developed on ZnO films. The optical transmittance spectra showed a good transparency in the visible region. Calculated optical band gap varying from 3.23 to 3.37 eV when the content of Co doping increases from 0 to 5 at.%.     

Complex finite-element method applied to the analysis of opticalwaveguide amplifiers

A complex finite-element method and a three-level model for erbium ions are applied to obtain gain and propagation constants for erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWA's). The complex refractive index profile includes the effect of the dopant polarization induced by the pump field. The method allows to consider arbitrary dopant density profile as well as the modal structure of the pump field. For different waveguide geometries we obtain gain curves as function of pump intensity as well as slight variations in the modal propagation constants. The threshold pump power is shown to be a function of the waveguide geometry, which agrees qualitatively with experimental results,     

Theoretical analysis of integrated collimating waveguide lens

An integrated collimating waveguide lens is analyzed for applications which require the focusing of an optical beam onto the waveguide of a planar lightwave circuit. The lens has a refractive index profile which is parabolically graded as a function of height to focus light in the vertical plane, and has a convex front face to focus light in the horizontal plane. Analysis based on the propagation of a Gaussian field is used to design a lens pair which minimizes the optical loss for a given propagation length. The beam propagation method is used to identify fabrication tolerances which may have impact on the performance of the lens pair. The lens pair has application in micro-optoelectromechanical (MOEM) switches based on planar optical waveguide circuits.     

Temperature dependence of refractive index of Ta2O5 Dielectric Films

The temperature dependence of refractive index of tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) dielectric films was investigated experimentally. The films were formed by a magnetron radio frequency sputtering technique on the Si substrates. After deposition, the film was fabricated into an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide using a novel wet etching technique. The thermal variation of refractive index of Ta₂O₅ was characterized by measuring the index-vs-temperature coefficient of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide with a Mach-Zehnder interferometry system. The measured result was 2.3 × 10^-61/K at 632.8 nm from 298 to 328K. This result indicates that index-vs-temperature coefficient of the Ta₂O₅ dielectric films is about ten times less than those of conventional III-V semiconductors.