Intersymbol interference effects on BPSK and QPSK carrier trackingloops

The tracking performance of three conventional carrier tracking loops in the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI) is analyzed. The closed-form expressions for the squaring losses of BPSK (binary phase-shift-keyed) low-SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), BPSK high-SNR, and QPSK (quaternary phase-shift-keyed) low-SNR loops are derived. ISI is shown to affect the BPSK high-SNR loop as much as the I-Q loop despite the nonlinear effect of the hard-limiter. For the QPSK carrier tracking loop, the degradation is shown to be greater due to the modulation of both components of the carrier. In this case, ISI, in addition to modifying the coefficients in the squaring loss, adds a new term not present in wideband channels. In all cases, a unity squaring loss could not be achieved because of the irreducible error due to pattern noise. This noise is only present in band-limited channels and is dependent on the data model used     

A time-frequency decision-feedback loop for carrier frequency offset tracking in OFDM systems

Acquisition and tracking are two crucial stages necessary to the carrier frequency synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this letter, by employing the rotation property of OFDM data subcarriers, a simple time-frequency decision-feedback loop without the use of pilot subcarriers is proposed for the fine carrier frequency offset (CFO) tracking. Specifically, with proper loop parameters, a residual CFO less than 10% of the subcarrier spacing may be well tracked for quarternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation in the presence of noise, while for systems using QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM modulation schemes, the bit-error rate (BER) performance very close to that of an offset-free system may be achieved in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channels. Moreover, a hardware implementation in a practical OFDM system is fulfilled which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Demod-Remod Coherent Tracking Receiver for QPSK and SQPSK

A demod-remod coherent tracking loop for QPSK and SQPSK is described and analyzed. This type of receiver is attractive since all of the available signal power is despread and used to generate the tracking error signal when the pulses reaching the nonlinearities are rectangular. The same demod-remod circuit is widely used for bandlimited pulses, for which less than full power is converted to the carrier phase error signal. All system parameters pertinent to system performance are enumerated. The effects of the IF and arm filters on the statistics of the noise are determined. With respect to the signal, the filters are considered only insofar as they reduce the delivered signal power. It is demonstrated how a tracking phase error converts some of the signal power into additional noise power. The results of performance computation are presented.     

Offset Quadrature Communications with Decision-Feedback Carrier Synchronization

In this paper, we focus our attention on the decisionfeedback approach to carrier synchronization of offset quadrature phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) and more generally offset quadrature amplitude-shift-keyed (QASK) systems. In particular, we present two decision-feedback loops for tracking offset QPSK and offset QASK, which are modifications of comparable loops previously given in the literature for carrier synchronization of QPSK and QASK respectively. The performance gains obtained using such synchronization techniques are discussed. In particular, we show that the use of offset-quadrature communications rather than conventional quadrature communications permits a doubled loop bandwidth at fixed data rate, signal-to-noise ratio and probability of error. However, the more efficient phase-tracking loop (decision-feedback as opposed to phase-locked loop) used reduces substantially the total signal-to-noise ratio required.     

Acquisition performance of various QPSK carrier tracking loops

The frequency and phase acquisition performance of three quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) carrier tracking loops, the MAP estimation loop, the Costas crossover loop, and the generalized Costas loop, is described. Acquisition time and probability of acquisition as a function of both loop signal-to-noise ratio and frequency offset to loop bandwidth ratio are obtained via computer simulations for type II and III loops. It is shown that the MAP loop, which results in the smallest squaring loss for all signal-to-noise ratios, is sometimes outperformed by the other two loops in terms of acquisition time and acquisition probability     

Bit Synchronization in the Presence of Asymmetric Channel Noise

Bit synchronization in the presence of asymmetric channel noise has not appeared in the open literature. It is the purpose of this paper to study the tracking performance (clock jitter and cycle slip rate) of a popular digital clock synchronizer, the digital data transition tracking loop (DTTL), in the presence of asymmetric noise. Related parameters of interest, the transition density and data asymmetry, are also included. Acquisition performance (frequency acquisition time) is discussed in the absence of noise. A comparison of the DTTL and crossspectrum synchronization loop (CSSL) is also provided. Numerical results are Presented for the design of a bit synchronizer in this environment.     

QPSK载波同步算法研究及FPGA实现

研究了基于工程应用的四相松尾环实现QPSK载波恢复算法、并分析了噪声对该算法的影响及该算法在FPGA上的实现。通过对锁相环分析,详细介绍了松尾环和环路滤波器的工作原理,并分别给出了System Generator的实现方法。实验结果表明使用松尾环能够在小信噪比情况下很好的实现载波同步,并且该种算法还能很容易的推广到MPSK载波恢复环路中。     

Error Probability Performance of Unbalanced QPSK Receivers

A simple technique for calculating the error probability performance and associated noisy reference loss of practical unbalanced QPSK receivers is presented. The approach is based on expanding the error probability conditioned on the loop phase error φ in a power series in φ and then, keeping only the first few terms of this series, averaging this conditional error probability over the probability density function of φ. Doing so results in an expression for the average error probability which is in the form of a leading term representing the ideal (perfect synchronization references) performance plus a term proportional to the mean-squared crosstalk. Thus, the additional error probability due to noisy synchronization references occurs as an additive term proportional to the mean-squared phase jittersigma_{phi}^{2}directly associated with the receiver's tracking loop. Similar arguments are advanced to give closed-form results for the noisy reference loss itself.     

不同相位噪声谱对QPSK的性能影响分析

研究了相位噪声对QPSK系统的性能影响,利用高斯信道下带有相位噪声的条件误码率公式,分析了不同相位噪声谱所带来的解调损失。相位调制是一种恒包络调制方式,它对调制信号的相位偏移非常敏感,在单频相位噪声模型基础上,把相位噪声功率谱密度与相干解调的误码率公式相联系起来,计算了高斯信道条件下不同相位噪声谱对不同速率QPSK信号的解调损失。     

On the Optimality of the MAP Estimation Loop for Carrier Phase Tracking BPSK and QPSK Signals

Starting with MAP estimation theory as a basis for optimally estimating carrier phase of BPSK and QPSK modulations, it is shown in this paper that the closed loop phase trackers, which are motivated by this approach, are indeed closed loop optimum in the minimum mean-square phase tracking jitter sense. The corresponding squaring loss performance of these so-called MAP estimation loops is compared with that of more practical implementations wherein the hyperbolic tangent nonlinearity is approximated by simpler functions.     

A Generalized "Polarity-Type" Costas Loop for Tracking MPSK Signals

A generalized tracking loop is proposed for tracking MPSK signals at high SNR. It is similar in form to the polarity-type Costas loop used for tracking QPSK signals, in which limiters in the arms provide the data estimates needed for data wipeoff in forming the loop error signal. For the MPSK signal, the hard limiters are replaced by "multivalued limiters" withM/4 (M geq 4)positive and negative values. The outputs of the multivalued limiters in each arm are theIandQprojections of the data. TheScurve is computed for this MPSK loop, and plotted for different SNR's. A comparison is made to theScurve for theMth power loop (orM-phase Costas loop), which is optimum for low SNR. From this comparison, a rough value of the "boundary" SNR can be obtained; this value may be used by the designer to determine which loop structure should be used. The advantage of the high SNR structure proposed here is that it is much simpler to implement than the corresponding low SNR structures.     

PN code synchronization effects on narrow-band interferencerejection in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum receiver

The impact of imperfect synchronization on the performance of prediction-error interference rejection filters in noncoherent direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum communications is considered. Bit-error-rate analysis (BER) analysis (BER) of binary DPSK (differential phase-shift keying) data modulation used in conjunction with direct-sequence spread-spectrum is used as a performance measure. A first-order noncoherent delay-lock loop is used for the pseudonoise (PN) code tracking. Conditional BER results for the DS/DPSK systems for fixed values of the code tracking error are obtained. The average BER of the system is then evaluated by averaging the conditional BER expressions over the probability density function of the code tracking error. Results include the effects of both a single fading tone and a narrowband Gaussian interferer on the overall system performance. Interferer offset frequency is considered in determining the code tracking loop noise as well as the receiver BER     

基于PLL环路的卫星QPSK载波调制信号相位跟踪算法

卫星信号接收端天线接收的卫星信号经过射频前端处理后会变成数字中频信号,而相位跟踪是中频信号处理的重要环节,准确的相位跟踪可以为卫星信号解码、测距和定位等功能的准确性提供保障.基于此,该文提出了基于锁相环（Phase Locked Loop,PLL）的卫星QPSK载波调制信号相位跟踪算法.该算法利用多路正交载波和二象反正切鉴相器获取精确的相位差信息,形成闭合回路锁定载波相位以实现跟踪.实验结果表明,多路异相载波的方法可实现更快速的相位锁定,与传统Costas环路和松尾环相比,进入稳态时间分别减少了20%和24%以上,稳态方差分别减小21%和32%.     

双频GPS接收机的动态辅助L2P(Y)跟踪

双频接收机中对L2P(Y)信号的跟踪可以使用半无码方法.但由于半无码方法本身具有平方损耗,因此实际获得的L2P(Y)信号载噪比很低,对L2P(Y)信号跟踪环路的性能提出了更高的要求.文中提出了一种利用接收机动态辅助L2P(Y)码跟踪的方法,给出了环路的设计细节,并详细地讨论了影响环路性能的各个因素.通过计算机仿真,比较了动态辅助环路和未辅助环路的性能.仿真结果表明,使用动态辅助的L2P(Y)信号跟踪环路可以在更低的载噪比下进行有效跟踪.     

一种串联结构数字载波环及其Z域噪声性能分析

 提出一种具有串联环路结构的新型数字载波跟踪环,以解决极低载噪比下高动态载波信号的跟踪问题.在输入加性高斯白噪声假设下,通过建立具有一定通用性的Z域全相位模型,对新型载波环的噪声跟踪性能进行了理论分析,推导出相位噪声方差的计算通式.根据新型载波环的具体实例,验证了理论分析结果的正确性.基于上述分析结果,对新型载波环完成了参数优化,并对其与传统载波环进行了性能比较.结果表明,在极低载噪比高动态条件下,新型载波环跟踪性能优于传统载波环.所得结论可用于评估新型载波环的噪声跟踪性能或指导其环路设计.     

Ka-band direct digital receiver

A new direct-conversion wideband (26-28.5 GHz) six-port receiver is proposed for mass-market wireless communications. This six-port receiver is designed to operate without the need for precise power reading and the use of a digital signal processor that is usually required in other receivers. The proposed receiver architecture is chosen to satisfy requirements of hardware receivers used in high-speed QPSK communications. The receiver contains a receiver front-end, QPSK demodulator, and carrier recovery module. A reverse modulation loop was used to provide a rapid carrier recovery. The maximum bit rate is determined solely by the limiting speed of the baseband module. This new hardware receiver is proposed as a robust, rugged, low-cost receiver for use in wide Ka-band wireless mass-market QPSK communications such as local multipoint distribution system services, which is a prime example of communication equipment requiring such receivers. Bit-error-rate results are presented versus the noise and reference signal phase shift.     

INS辅助GPS载波跟踪环分析

高动态环境会造成较大的多普勒频移,这使得一般的GPS接收机在没有外界辅助的情况下难以可靠工作.为了同时满足高动态GPS接收机动态性能和噪声抑制两方面的需要,GPS/INS紧耦合系统利用INS的信息辅助GPS接收机的载波跟踪回路.对紧耦合系统的关键技术--INS辅助GPS载波跟踪回路进行了系统分析,阐述了INS信息辅助G...     

牵引式欺骗对矢量跟踪环路的影响

牵引式欺骗能够在不引起跟踪环路失锁的条件下诱使接收机跟踪欺骗信号,是一种隐蔽性很高的欺骗干扰方式。对于标量接收机,由于其跟踪环路相互独立,因此针对单个信号进行牵引式欺骗时,不会受其他信号的影响。而矢量接收机的跟踪环路通过接收机状态耦合,存在相互影响,即牵引式欺骗对矢量和标量跟踪环路的影响存在差异。本文基于无噪声且欺骗信号与真实信号载波频率和载波相位相等的假设条件,分析牵引式欺骗对矢量跟踪环路的影响,推导出欺骗成功条件,并利用信号源模拟器和软件接收机对分析结果进行验证。研究结果表明,对矢量跟踪环路成功实施牵引式欺骗的条件较标量跟踪环路更为严苛,反映出矢量跟踪环路固有的抗欺骗干扰能力。     

Closed-Loop Bias Control of Optical Quadrature Modulator

We describe a relatively simple but effective closed-loop bias control of LiNbO₃ quadrature modulator (QM) for optical quaternary phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) transmission. Simulation and experimental results of the feedback control loop for maintaining near optimal operating points of the QM are described for 12.5-GSym/s optical QPSK. The control loop uses nonhigh-speed off-the-shelf components independent of the symbol rate. Similar performance of the control loop at higher symbol rates using the same components is expected     

雷达目标角度跟踪环路滤波器设计新方法

角度跟踪环路在机载雷达对目标的距离、速度、角度3维联合跟踪中起着至关重要的作用。该文分析指出传统采用卡尔曼滤波算法形成角度跟踪环路对机动目标角度进行跟踪时跟踪精度低,角跟踪误差收敛速度慢的缺点,提出弯曲度检测跟踪环路滤波器(Bend Degree Tracking Loop Filter, BDTLF)设计方法,其利用弯曲度检测角度曲线拐点,自适应地调节环路滤波器环路等效噪声带宽,并以此来控制角度跟踪环路。此算法加快了角跟踪误差的收敛速度,减轻了拐点处的角度滤波扰动,保持了滤波性能的连续性。计算机仿真结果验证了该文方法相比于卡尔曼滤波算法、粒子滤波算法、-- 滤波算法及恒定系数环路滤波器方法,对弱机动目标角度跟踪具有更加出色的性能。