400 kV强流中子发生器的物理设计

对400 kV强流中子发生器进行了物理设计。采用Poisson/Superfish软件对中子发生器高压电极和加速管的电场分布进行了模拟,结果显示,各关键区域的空间电场最大值远低于击穿电场限值。以强流束旁轴包络方程为基本模型,发展了强流束传输系统束包络的计算机模拟程序IONB1.0,模拟了中子发生器传输系统中40 mA的D束流包络。结果显示,设计方案中所采取的两间隙高梯度加速结构有较强的聚焦性能,能有效抵消强流束空间电荷效应造成的束流发散,加速管出口处的束包络半径约3 cm,由加速管出口处的空间电荷透镜和三重四极磁透镜组成的传输系统能将束流聚焦在约140 cm处的靶上,且束斑直径小于2 cm。     

强流束空间电荷力导致的发射度增长

强流束的空间电荷效应是决定加速器束流动力学的基本因素之一，低能强流束中发射度增长的１个主要原因是束流自身的空间电荷力。文章综合介绍了国内外有关空间电荷力导致强流束中发射度增长４种机制的研究成果。     

周期性聚焦结构中强流束的共振与束晕形成

强流束中的束晕形成是研制下一代高功率加速器必须解决的关键问题之一。为此研究了周期性聚焦结构中强流束的非线性共振、参数共振与束晕形成的关系 ,给出强流束中非线性共振、参数共振的共振范围表达式及其随束流空间电荷效应变化的数值结果和图表曲线 ,提出由非线性共振而激发的束晕形成的空间电荷效应极限 ,为下一代高功率加速器的物理设计提供理论依据。     

高梯度加速管的束流传输

对不同能量、不同质量数、不同初始条件的入射束和有无空间电荷效应的离子束流在高梯度加速管中的传输进行了计算，并讨论了一些影响加速管聚焦作用的主要因素，计算结果与实际情况相符。     

增强器共振补偿方案

强流重离子加速器的增强器用于强流重离子的极限累积和加速,其强流束产生的空间电荷效应使束流的工作点分布发散和漂移,并在工作点跨越低阶共振时造成离子束发射度增长甚至带来较大的束流损失。为消除低阶共振对离子束的不利影响,采用多极磁场来对6个低阶共振进行补偿。本文分析了增强器工作点附近的低阶共振,探讨了共振禁带的贡献项及相应的补偿方案,并通过数值模拟验证了增强器的共振补偿方案。结果表明,由增强器色品校正六极场引起的共振增强能通过补偿六极场进行消除,这将有利于增强器强流重离子束的实现。     

增强器共振补偿方案

强流重离子加速器的增强器用于强流重离子的极限累积和加速,其强流束产生的空间电荷效应使束流的工作点分布发散和漂移,并在工作点跨越低阶共振时造成离子束发射度增长甚至带来较大的束流损失。为消除低阶共振对离子束的不利影响,采用多极磁场来对6个低阶共振进行补偿。本文分析了增强器工作点附近的低阶共振,探讨了共振禁带的贡献项及相应的补偿方案,并通过数值模拟验证了增强器的共振补偿方案。结果表明,由增强器色品校正六极场引起的共振增强能通过补偿六极场进行消除,这将有利于增强器强流重离子束的实现。     

Research on Quadrupoles Along Injection Line for CRM Cyclotron of CYCIAE-100

在强流加速器及其传输线上空间电荷效应对束流会产生重要影响。随着加速器计算物理的发展和计算机运算能力的迅速提升，PIC（Particle—In—Cell）方法已广泛应用于数值模拟强流束在加速器及传输线中运动规律。     

强流相对论电子束调制的空间电荷波理论分析

从基本的电磁场原理出发,比较详细地介绍了强流相对论电子束在漂移管中的色散特性,以及强流相对论空心电子束在激励源作用后的一种小信号群聚理论——空间电荷波理论。理论分析表明,强流空间电荷效应改变了经典速调管中电子束在漂移管中的能量分布以及群聚特性,缩短了最佳群聚距离。利用 500 kV,3 kA,脉宽约 1.4 μs 的空心电子束,注入 70 kW 的微波调制,束流经过输入腔后,得到了约 9.8%的基波电流调制深度。理论分析与实验结果在一定漂移距离内吻合得较好。     

强中子发生器离子光路设计与调试

文章介绍了3×10~(12)n/s强中子发生器离子光路设计与调试。在该器设计中,充分考虑了空间电荷效应,并采取有效措施,如使用空间电荷透镜等,保证了在强流条件下,高效率地传输和聚焦。文章还给出强流情况下,实际的束流分布、传输效率等有关实验数据。     

强流脉冲束在轴对称静电场中传输的自洽计算

为计算强流脉冲束在轴对称静电场六维相空间中的传输，设计了一个计算程序。此程序可以计算由漂浮空间、三圆单筒透镜、三膜片单透镜、双圆筒透镜、静电加速管组成的离子光学系统。为了得到强流束传输的自治解，程序采用了迭代过程。用此程序计算了300kV强流脉冲束加速器的光路，所得结果合理。     

Power Supplies for Cold Cathode Penning Discharge Ion Sources

For the generation of heavy ions at high charge states, the cold-cathode Penning discharge ion source requires a power supply capable of both the high potential essential for striking an arc and the high current for sustaining it. A series-regulated power supply developed at Oak Ridge provides up to 6 kV of striking voltage and up to 12 amperes of arc current. The power supply operates in a constant current mode with the arc voltage dependent on the gas pressure in the ion source. With this source in ORIC, the typical operating conditions are 5 to 10 amperes arc current, 600 to 2000 volts arc potential, and 5 to 20 kW power dissipation in the arc. A larger power supply is planned for extending the arc current to about 25 amperes. Various arrangements, including pre-regulators and multiple power supplies, are under consideration to reduce power dissipation in the series regulator tubes.     

Study on the influence of the discharge voltage on the ignition process of Hall thrusters

A high-speed charge-coupled device camera was used to capture images of the plume and acceleration channel of a Hall effect thruster during ignition at different discharge voltages. To better understand the influence of changes in the discharge voltage on the plasma parameters during thruster ignition, a particle-in-cell numerical model was used to calculate the distribution characteristics of the ion density and electric potential at different ignition moments under different discharge voltages. The results show that when the discharge voltage is high, the ion densities in the plume and acceleration channel are significantly higher at the initial phase of thruster ignition; with the gradual strengthening of the ignition process, the propellant avalanche ionization during thruster ignition occurs earlier and the pulse current peak increases. The main reason for these phenomena is that the change in the discharge voltage results in different energy acquisitions of the emitted electrons entering the thruster channel.     

Effect of the Discharge Voltage on the Performance of the Hall Thruster

In this paper,a two-dimensional physical model is established according to the discharging process in the Hall thruster discharge channel using the particle-in-cell method.The influences of discharge voltage on the distributions of potential,ion radial flow,and discharge current are investigated in a fixed magnetic field configuration.It is found that,with the increase of discharge voltage,especially during 250-650 V,the ion radial flow and the collision frequency between ions and the wall are decreased,but the discharge current is increased.The electron temperature saturation is observed between 400-450 V and the maximal value decreases during this region.When the discharge voltage reaches 700 V,the potential distribution in the axis direction expands to the anode significantly,the ionization region becomes close to the anode,and the acceleration region grows longer.Besides,ion radial flow and the collision frequency between ions and the wall are also increased when the discharge voltage exceeds 650 V.     

The effect of anode axial position on the performance of a miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster with a cusp-type magnetic field

A 200 W cylindrical Hall thruster with a cusp-type magnetic field was proposed, manifesting convergent plume and high specific impulse. In this paper, a series of ring-shaped anodes are designed and the influence of anode axial position on the performance of CHT with a cusp-type magnetic field is studied. The experimental results indicate that the thruster keeps stable operation at the condition of 140–270 W discharge power. When the anode moves axially towards the upstream cusp field, the thrust enhances from 6.5 mN to 7.6 mN and specific impulse enhances from 1658 s to 1939 s significantly. These improvements of thruster performance should be attributed to the enhancement of current utilization, propellant utilization and acceleration efficiency. According to the analyses on the discharge characteristics, it is revealed that as the anode moves upstream, the electron transport path could be extended, the magnetic field in this extended path could impede electron cross-field transport and facilitate the ionization intensity, yielding to the enhancement of current utilization and propellant utilization efficiency. Moreover, along with this enhancement of upstream ionization at the given anode flow rate, the main ionization region is thought to move upstream and then separate more apparently from the acceleration region, which has been demonstrated by the narrowing of ion energy distribution function shape. This change in acceleration region could decrease the ion energy loss and enhance acceleration efficiency. This work is beneficial for optimizing the electrode structure of thruster and recognize the ionization and acceleration process under the cusp magnetic field.     

The plume diagnostics of 30 cm ion thruster with an advanced plasma diagnostics system

In order to achieve a better understanding of plume characteristics of LIPS-300 ion thruster, the beam current density, ion energy and electron number density of LIPS-300 ion thruster plume are studied with an Advanced Plasma Diagnostics System(APDS) which allows for simultaneous in situ measurements of various properties characterizing ion thruster, such as plasma density, plasma potential, plasma temperature and ion beam current densities, ion energy distribution and so on. The results show that the beam current density distribution has a double‘wing' shape. The high energy ions were found in small scan angle, while low energy ions were found in greater scan angle. Electron number density has a similar shape with the beam current density distribution.     

Energy properties and spatial plume profile of ionic liquid ion sources based on an array of porous metal strips

An ionic liquid ion source(ILIS)is a kind of high brightness ion source capable of providing high-speed positive or negative ion beams.This paper presents a miniaturized ILIS based on an array of porous metal strips.The porous emitter array,integrated with seven 10 mm long strips,is fabricated using wire electrical discharge machining(WEDM)combined with electrochemical etching.The assembled ILIS is 30 mm x 30 mm x 17.5 mm in size and weighs less than 25 g.A series of experiments,including an I-V characteristic test,a retarding potential analyzer(RPA)test,and a spatial plume distribution test,have been conducted in vacuo to characterize the performance of the ILIS.Results show that the emitted current is up to about 800 μA and ion transparency is as high as 94％.Besides,RPA curves reveal that the total fragmentation rate of the emitted particles accounts for 48.8％in positive mode and 59.8％in negative mode.Further,with the increase in applied acceleration voltage,the voltage loss rises while the energy efficiency decreases.It is also found that the plume perpendicular to the strips has a higher divergence than the one parallel to the strips.A numerical simulation by COMSOL reveals that the electric field distribution between the two electrodes results in such a spatial plume profile.     

强流质子直线加速器中束晕现象研究

从束流包络方程与单粒子运动方程联立模型出发，考虑了纵向能量方程的耦合，研究了强流质子直线加速器中的束晕现象。采用相交间的Ｐｏｉｎｃａｒｅ截面方法和实空间Ｐｏｉｎｃａｒｅ截面方法，研究了周期聚焦系统失配的情况下束晕的形成以及加速对束晕形成的影响。     

Progress on Photomultipliers and Image Intensifiers at EMI Electronics Ltd.

This paper reviews recent work at E.M.I. on photomultiplier tubes. Dark current measurements by various techniques are presented, including data on tubes with high quantum efficiency and minimum thermionic emission suitable for low energy scintillation counting. Mention is made of a new fast tube, a small tube, and modified ion detectors. Two four-stage image intensifiers are described.     

Recent Advances in DC Methods of Particle Acceleration

Four recent developments have contributed significantly to broadening the scope of dc particle-acceleration systems: 1. Tandem principle of utilizing the generated high-voltage several times; 2. Insulating-core transformer for generating high-voltage dc power; 3. Inclined-field acceleration tube that minimizes the "total voltage effect, a previous limitation of dc acceleration systems; 4. Ion-source and beam-optical designs to increase useful ion intensities and to improve efficiency of transporting accelerated dc beams. These developments are currently being incorporated, in various combinations, into several dc accelerator designs, including: a. Sub-Mev electron and positive-ion accelerators with high beam power; b. Tandem Van de Graaff accelerators with at least 10 million-volt potential; c. Powerful Tandem accelerator at moderate voltage and very high current. Typical systems arising out of these advances are described in the light of applications now being exploited in research and industry.     

Background reduction for heavy element accelerator mass spectrometry

The energy distribution of negative ions generated by low energy (keV) Cs⁺ bombardment of solids has been studied over 11 decades of negative ion intensity. The higher energy component of this ion spectrum is characterized approximately by an E⁻² distribution, terminated by the kinematic limit for two-body collisions. In the case of 27 keV Cs bombardment on carbon an excess energy of 6 keV beyond the mean emission energy was observed. A more complex, low energy ion spectrum was attributed to molecular fragmentation processes within the ion extraction field and subsequent beam transport system. The elimination of these tails and other ions prior to tandem acceleration, and hence the removal of potential sources of background in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) are discussed in this paper, with a view to extending the detection limits in AMS for elements other than ¹⁴C and especially for heavy elements.