Low-Power Wake-Up Radio for Wireless Sensor Networks

Power consumption is a critical issue in many wireless sensor network scenarios where network life expectancy is measured in months or years. Communication protocols typically rely on synchronous operation and duty-cycle mechanisms to reduce the power usage at the cost of decreased network responsiveness and increased communication latency. A low-power radio-triggered device can be used to continuously monitor the channel and activate the node for incoming communications, allowing purely asynchronous operations. To be effective, the power consumption of this wake-up device must be on the order of tens of microwatts since this device is always active. This paper presents our first attempt at designing such a low-power receiver. Very few realizations of wake-up devices are reported in the literature and none presents power dissipation below 40 μW. Our design implements a complete wake-up device and initial results indicate an average power consumption below 20 μW, which is more than 2 times lower than other reported devices.     

Asymptotically Optimal Transmission Policies for Large-Scale Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider wireless sensor networks with multiple gateways and multiple classes of traffic carrying data generated by different sensory inputs. The objective is to devise joint routing, power control and transmission scheduling policies in order to gather data in the most efficient manner while respecting the needs of different sensing tasks (fairness). We formulate the problem as maximizing the utility of transmissions subject to explicit fairness constraints and propose an efficient decomposition algorithm drawing upon large-scale decomposition ideas in mathematical programming. We show that our algorithm terminates in a finite number of iterations and produces a policy that is asymptotically optimal at low transmission power levels. Furthermore, we establish that the utility maximization problem we consider can, in principle, be solved in polynomial time. Numerical results show that our policy is near-optimal, even at high power levels, and far superior to the best known heuristics at low power levels. We also demonstrate how to adapt our algorithm to accommodate energy constraints and node failures. The approach we introduce can efficiently determine near-optimal transmission policies for dramatically larger problem instances than an alternative enumeration approach     

无线传感网低功耗Rake接收机VLSI设计与实现

针对近地无线信道变化多端的多径现象,该文提出了一种用于复杂信道环境下的低功耗无线传感网Rake接收机VLSI方案并在FPGA上实现。仿真和应用表明,该Rake接收机不仅具有良好的抗多径衰落性能,而且与常规Rake接收机相比,显著节省了VLSI资源并降低了功耗。     

SyncWUF: An Ultra Low-Power MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, power consumption is one of the key design issues because a large number of sensor nodes are powered by cheap batteries. Switching the RF transceiver, which is one of the biggest power consumers in a sensor node, to low-power sleep mode as much as possible has been proven to be a very efficient way to save power with a factor of tens or even hundreds. So far, several schemes have been proposed to reduce the duty cycle of the RF transceiver by MAC layer scheduling. Among them, the wake-up-frame scheme and the WiseMAC are two very efficient protocols based on the so-called preamble sampling technology. This paper proposes combining these two schemes to obtain a further optimized low-power MAC protocol, called SyncWUF, for low-traffic wireless sensor network. Analytical and simulation results prove that our proposal achieves significant battery lifetime gain in different application cases without negatively affecting other important system parameters such as channel capacity and latency     

NBTI Impact on RF Front End in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network （WSN）, the communication node is the heart of the whole system. Negative bias temperature instability （NBTI） is becoming one of the most important factors that decide the life time of node chips, especially with the feature size declining. In this paper, the NBTI impact on the front-end circuits in the WSN nodes is studied, such as voltage-controlled oscillator （VCO）, charge pump （CP）, low noise amplifier （LNA）, and even the whole transceiver system. The circuit level NBTI degeneration models are built for the key modules and the entire transceiver. It is shown that the phase noise of the VCO will be deteriorated, the current mismatch of the CP and the noise figure of the LNA will both be increased, and the sensitivity and the adjacent channel selectivity （ACS） will be depressed by NBTI. The conclusions are proved by simulation results using HJTC 0.18 μm technology.     

A Low Power Fully CMOS Integrated RF Transceiver IC for Wireless Sensor Networks

A fully CMOS integrated RF transceiver for ubiquitous sensor networks in sub-gigahertz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)-band applications is implemented and measured. The integrated circuit is fabricated in 0.18-mum CMOS technology and packaged in leadless plastic chip carrier (LPCC) package. The fully monolithic transceiver consists of a receiver, a transmitter, and an RF synthesizer with on-chip voltage-controlled oscillator. The chip fully complies with the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area network in sub-gigahertz mode. The cascaded noise figure of the overall receiver is 9.5 dB and the overall transmitter achieves less than 6.3% error vector magnitude for 40 kb/s mode. The chip uses 1.8-V power supply and the power consumption is 25 mW for reception mode and 29 mW for transmission mode     

WSN射频芯片中6 GHz RF CMOS低功耗双模前置分频器的设计

介绍了一种可以应用在无线传感网射频芯片中的超高速、低功耗32/33双模前置分频器的内部结构、电路设计原理以及版图设计.该前置分频器采用0.18 μm RF CMOS工艺制作,工作频率范围为1～6 GHz,工作温度范围为-20～+80℃,在I.8 V电压下正常工作频率为4.8 GHz,最高工作频率达到6 GHz,电源电流为2.5 mA,满足系统指标要求.     

星型WSN的低功耗通信方案设计

主要讨论具有双通道的无线传感器网络的节能通信方案设计和仿真问题。先简述了单片无线收发芯片的技术特点。然后设计了汇交和测量节点的操作流程图。还讨论了通信过程关键参数选择问题,和估算了此类网络的能耗、数据传送速率等指标。提出的通信方案在保证正常数据交换的同时能大幅度地减少测量节点的能耗。     

无线传感网络中低功耗处理器的设计和优化

采用90nm工艺设计实现了应用于无线传感网络中的低功耗处理器.为了减小功耗,采用了以下两种方法:(1)采用门控时钟技术来降低动态功耗;(2)采用多阈值电压单元库来减小漏电功耗.通过比较给出了设计优化结果.     

无线传感网络中低功耗处理器的设计和优化

采用90nm工艺设计实现了应用于无线传感网络中的低功耗处理器.为了减小功耗,采用了以下两种方法:(1)采用门控时钟技术来降低动态功耗;(2)采用多阈值电压单元库来减小漏电功耗.通过比较给出了设计优化结果.     

无线传感网络中低功耗处理器的设计和优化

采用90nm工艺设计实现了应用于无线传感网络中的低功耗处理器. 为了减小功耗，采用了以下两种方法： (1）采用门控时钟技术来降低动态功耗； (2）采用多阈值电压单元库来减小漏电功耗. 通过比较给出了设计优化结果.     

Security Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network is more prone to adversary compare to common wireless network. This is due to the nature of wireless sensor network that involves many nodes, thus making the system more vulnerable. Another reason is the nature of wireless sensor network as an ad hoc network, making it having no hierarchal structure, complicating management tasks. Deploying new technology without security in mind has often proved to be unreasonably dangerous.One of the most fundamental rights in a 'healthy' society is the right of every citizen to be left alone. Article 12 of the U.N, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, states that “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence.”, in reality, though this right is increasingly being trod upon, along with undreamed of comforts and conveniences for the population in general. The digital revolution has made it possible to gather as well as store information about human behaviour on a massive scale. We leave electronic footprints everywhere we go, footprints that are being watched, analyzed and sold without our knowledge or even control.With this Security and Privacy solutions are mandatory aspects when developing new pervasive technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSN).This paper analyses the security issues, threats and attacks and requirements of wireless sensor networks. This paper further proposes security framework and security architecture to integrate existing technologies with WSN technology, to provide secure and private communications to its users. Neeli Rashmi Prasad, Associate Professor and Head of Wireless Security and Sensor Networks Lab., part of Wireless Network including Embedded systems Group (WING), Center for TeleInfrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. She received her Ph.D. from University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy, in the field of “adaptive security for wireless heterogeneous networks” in 2004 and M.Sc. (Ir.) degree in Electrical Engineering from Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, in the field of “Indoor Wireless Communications using Slotted ISMA Protocols” in 1997. She joined Libertel (now Vodafone NL), Maastricht, The Netherlands as a Radio Engineer in 1997. From November 1998 till May 2001, she worked as Systems Architect for Wireless LANs in Wireless Communications and Networking Division of Lucent Technologies (now Agere Systems), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. From June 2001 to July 2003, she was with T-Mobile Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands as Senior Architect for Core Network Group. Subsequently, from July 2003 to April 2004, she was Senior Research Manager at PCOM:I³, Aalborg, Denmark.During her industrial career she coordinated several projects. Just to name few major ones: country wide GSM landmass coverage (Vodafone NL), the impact of IP based security on Lucent WLAN (Wavelan later known as Orinoco) Access Points (APs), implementation of Virtual LAN and IAPP on Orinoco APs, VoIP implementation on APs, design and implementation of real-time embedded software platform for APs, mobile core network evolution towards All-IP for T-Mobile International to technical project lead for Public WLAN deployment for T-Mobile NL.Her publications range from top journals, international conferences and chapters in books. She has also co-edited and co-authored two books titled “WLAN Systems and Wireless IP for Next Generation Communications” and “Wireless LANs and Wireless IP Security, Mobility, QoS and Mobile Network Integration”, published by Artech House, 2001 and 2005. She has supervised several Masters Students projects.In December 1997 she won Best Paper award for her work on ISMA Protocol (Inhibit Sense Multiple Access). Her current research interest lies in wireless security, mobility, mesh networks, WSN, WPAN and heterogeneous networks.She was the Technical Program Committee Co-Chair IWS2005/WPMC05 held on September 18–22, 2005 in Aalborg. She is the Project Coordinator of EC Network of Excellence Project CRUISE on Wireless Sensor Networks. She is also cluster leader of EC Cluster for Sensor Networks. Mahbubul Alam, Ph.D. student at Center for TeleInfrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University, Denmark. He is with Cisco Systems, Inc. Netherlands from 2001 and worked as Consulting Systems Engineer in the field of mobile and wireless technology and since September 2002 he works as Business Analyst in areas of mobile, wireless and security. He is now based in Cisco Systems, Inc. San Jose, CA, USA, with focus on home networking, wireless and security. Previously he was with Siemens Netherlands as Systems Engineer and as Technical Team Leader of UMTS group. He received M. Sc. degree in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands in 1998. He has published several papers at international conferences, journals, IEEE communication magazine and chapters for books. His research interest is in the field of wireless sensor networks.     

UWB Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are emerging as an important area for communications. They enable a wealth of new applications including surveillance, building control, factory automation, and in-vehicle sensing. The sensor nodes have to operate under severe constraints on energy consumption and form factor, and provide the ability for precise self-location of the nodes. These requirements can be fulfilled very well by various forms of ultra-wide-band (UWB) transmission technology. We discuss various techniques and tradeoffs in UWB systems and indicate that time-hopping and frequency-hopping impulse radio physical layers combined with simple multiple-access techniques like ALOHA are suitable designs. We also describe the IEEE 802.15.4a standard, an important system that adopts UWB impulse radio to ensure robust data communications and precision ranging. In order to accommodate heterogeneous networks, it uses specific modulation, coding, and ranging waveforms that can be detected well by both coherent and noncoherent receivers.      

无线传感器网络的建模分析

无线传感器网络由大量具有传感、计算和通讯能力的节点组成。针对不同的应用目的、工作环境和要求,提出了进行传感器网络建模需要考虑的几个要素。通过对网络基本要素的描述,能够很方便地对传感器网络进行建模。利用这些要素的特征对网络性能进行深入细致地分析以便选择或设计合适的路由协议和数据融合的方法。研究的重点是网络路由协议及其数据融合技术,也适用于其他协议的设计和建模。     

Energy-Efficient Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of minimizing the energy needed for data fusion in a sensor network by varying the transmission times assigned to different sensor nodes. The optimal scheduling protocol is derived, based on which we develop a low-complexity inverse-log scheduling (ILS) algorithm that achieves near-optimal energy efficiency. To eliminate the communication overhead required by centralized scheduling protocols, we further derive a distributed inverse-log protocol that is applicable to networks with a large number of nodes. Focusing on large-scale networks with high total data rates, we analyze the energy consumption of the ILS. Our analysis reveals how its energy gain over traditional time-division multiple access depends on the channel and the data-length variations among different nodes.     

无线传感器网络S-MAC协议研究

传感器节点能量受限,节能是传感器网络中媒体访问控制（MAC）协议设计的首要问题。采用周期性睡眠机制、自适应侦听机制、串音避免机制和消息传递机制可使得传感器媒体访问控制（S-MAC）协议在网络能耗和时延方面得到改进。对S-MAC协议的改进主要有两种方式：动态调整、区别控制包与数据包的发送条件进行发送。对无线传感器网络,要想设计出一种满足各方面要求的MAC协议是不现实的,可针对不同应用的要求,灵活采用不同的方式,设计出相应的协议。     

无线传感器网络的模拟仿真技术

良好的模拟仿真技术对于无线传感器网络显得尤为重要。介绍了现有无线传感器网络的主要模拟仿真平台,并对其优缺点进行了分析比较;讨论了无线传感器网络模拟仿真平台的设计思想及今后的发展方向。     

ELPC-Trust Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and its security concern play a vital part in its effecting functioning. WSN routing layer attacks pose a great threat to...     

无线传感器网络的建模分析

无线传感器网络由大量具有传感、计算和通讯能力的节点组成。针对不同的应用目的、工作环境和要求，提出了进行传感器网络建模需要考虑的几个要素。通过对网络基本要素的描述，能够很方便地对传感器网络进行建模。利用这些要素的特征对网络性能进行深入细致地分析以便选择或设计合适的路由协议和数据融合的方法。研究的重点是网络路由协议及其数据融合技术，也适用于其他协议的设计和建模。