大尺寸KDP晶体生长开裂的尺度效应分析

在人工生长大尺寸KDP(磷酸二氢钾,KH2PO4)晶体过程中晶体会发生开裂现象,尤其是晶体生长到400mm左右时晶帽下端容易出现裂纹.为了研究KDP晶体的生长过程中的开裂机制,采用有限元方法模拟该晶体的生长过程,重点分析了晶体在不同生长尺寸的应力场分布规律,结果表明生长过程中晶体内部应力分布存在明显的尺度效应.当KDP晶体生长达到400mm时,晶帽下部受力逐渐由受压状态转变为受拉状态,根据KDP晶体材料抗拉不抗压的性质,此时开裂的机率增大.这一发现为下一步深入研究晶体生长开裂的损伤力学机制和寻找KDP晶体生长中的防裂措施奠定了基础.     

磷酸二氢钾(KDP)晶体纳米压痕过程的有限元分析

为了求得KDP晶体的应力-应变曲线以及材料的屈服应力,基于圣维南定理和实验得到的材料性能参数建立了KDP晶体的压痕过程仿真模型,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对KDP晶体压痕过程进行了有限元仿真,得到了KDP晶体的载荷-位移曲线和加/卸载过程中的等效应力变化规律.仿真结果表明:加载过程中最大应力集中在压头尖角处,卸载后最大应力分布在压头棱边所留下的压痕处,KDP晶体材料的屈服应力为120MPa.     

硫酸盐掺杂导致KDP晶体开裂的研究

采用传统降温法生长了掺杂不同浓度的SO42-离子KDP晶体,研究分析了晶体的宏观缺陷及开裂形式,从晶体生长角度初步分析了硫酸盐掺杂导致KDP晶体开裂的主要原因。实验表明,随着SO42-离子掺杂浓度的增大,KDP晶体的主要开裂形式是垂直于生长层{101}面的裂纹;晶体中裂纹存在的区域都分布有大量层层平行于生长层的母液包藏。随着SO42-离子掺杂浓度的进一步增大,晶体内包藏呈云雾状分布,裂纹不规则,晶体质量严重下降,透明度降低。     

KDP晶体超精密切削过程中等效应力和应变分析

为了深入研究刀具几何参数对KDP晶体超精密切削过程的影响,以及等效应力和应变产生的原因及变化规律,采用商用有限元软件(Marc)对KDP晶体的超精密切削过程进行了有限元仿真,建立了KDP晶体超精密切削加工中应力和应变预测模型.仿真结果表明,KDP晶体超精密加工过程中等效应力主要集中在第一和第二变形区,等效应变主要集中在第二和第三变形区.研究表明,本文所建立的等效应力和应变预测模型是有效的,有限元仿真值与预测值之间的误差可以控制在10%以内.     

Na~+对KDP晶体热膨胀及硬度的影响

Na+是KDP原料中一种常见的杂质离子,采用"点籽晶"快速生长法生长了一系列掺杂Na+的KDP晶体,研究了不同掺杂浓度下Na+对KDP晶体热膨胀及硬度的影响。实验表明,随着Na+掺杂浓度的增大,KDP晶体Z向热膨胀系数逐步增大;KDP晶体(001)面的显微硬度整体大于(100)面的硬度,随着Na+掺杂浓度升高,KDP晶体各晶面硬度显著降低。     

超磁致伸缩Tb-Dy-Fe单晶的开裂及粉化研究

本文介绍了冷坩埚提拉法生长Tb-Dy-Fe晶体中所观察到的开裂和粉化现象,分析了生长工艺参数、晶体尺寸、缺陷和化学作用对晶体开裂和粉化的影响,并提出了避免晶体开裂的有效措施.     

掺杂甲紫对KDP晶体溶液稳定性及生长速度影响的研究

首先测定了掺杂不同浓度甲紫条件下KDP晶体的溶解度曲线,发现随着掺杂浓度的增大,KDP晶体的溶解度逐渐减小;进而通过测定不同掺杂条件下KDP溶液的成核诱导期,发现随着甲紫掺杂浓度的增大,溶液的诱导期先增大后减小,说明适量浓度的甲紫掺杂能够增加溶液的稳定性。最后进行了掺杂不同浓度甲紫条件下KDP晶体的生长实验,测量了晶体各向的生长速度,发现晶体各向生长速度均随着掺杂浓度的增大先减小后增大,最终减小,当甲紫掺杂浓度为0.1%mol/L时,KDP晶体各向生长速度最快。     

喷流转晶法KDP晶体生长系统的流动与传质模拟

提出了一种通过锥顶喷流改善KDP锥面过饱和度的晶体生长方法。采用有限体积法和滑移网格技术,对传统转晶法及喷流转晶法的KDP晶体生长过程进行了数值模拟。展示了两种生长方式下晶体表面过饱和度时均分布云图及均方差,分析了不同转速、不同喷流速度、不同晶体尺寸对晶面时均过饱和度及均方差的影响。结果表明:相比于传统转晶法,喷流转晶法晶体的锥面过饱和度提高且表面均匀性增加。提高喷流速度可以进一步提高锥面过饱和度,但其均方差却呈现先减小后增大的变化。旋转速度的增加能提高锥面过饱和度并减小其均方差。此外,晶体尺寸也会在一定程度上影响喷流的效果。     

KDP晶体应力数字式检测方法

使用高精度数字式应力仪测量KDP晶体的应力,给出整体应力分布.通过沿光轴方向测量,消除晶体.光和e光的双折射效应的影响,准确得到晶体材料自身的应力双折射分布.实验结果表明,测量重复性优于0.1nm/cm.对KDP晶体材料应力的高精度数字式检测对于加工和使用具有重要的指导意义.     

KDP/KD*P晶体生长过程中柱面扩展的研究

目前在KDP/KD*P晶体的实际生长过程中,仍以传统降温法为主.在传统降温速度的基础上适当提高降温速度,可以加快KDP/KD*P晶体的生长速度,但与此同时有可能产生柱面扩展.为此,我们对不同生长环境下的KDP/KD*P晶体生长过程中柱面扩展进行了一系列研究.实验中所用KDP原料和去离子水均与生长大口径KDP晶体相同,其它各项条件也尽量模拟大口径KDP晶体生长过程中的实际情况.在晶体生长实验过程中通过研究不同条件下KDP/KD*P晶体的柱面扩展情况来研究柱面扩展对KDP/KD*P晶体光学质量影响的共同特点.通过分析和研究实验数据及晶体生长过程,我们认为在正常生长条件下引起柱面扩展的主要因素有两个溶液的过饱和度和籽晶柱面存在的缺陷.扩展部分的晶体的光学质量与本体部分差别较大,扩展部分对光的透过率在紫外部分下降很快,明显低于本体部分在这一波段的透过率.本体部分和扩展部分对光的透过率在其它波段差别不十分突出.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...