配碳量对放电等离子烧结无粘结剂纳米WC硬质合金的影响

研究了配碳量对放电等离子烧结制备无粘结剂纳米WC硬质合金的烧结行为、相组成、致密度、硬度及晶粒大小的影响。结果表明：纯纳米WC粉直接烧结，样品的晶粒度为300～400nm，致密度及硬度均较高，但主相变为缺碳相WC1-x和W2C配碳量为0．05％～0．25％时，样品中有少量缺碳相；配碳量为0．40％时，可以正确成相；配碳量为0．50％时，则出现游离碳；粉末配碳球磨后，因烧结过程提前到较低温度下完成，1800℃烧结时晶粒急剧长大且不均匀。     

新型含片状晶WC-10%Co硬质合金的制备及其性能研究

通过球磨诱导生成薄片状W晶源,再引入超细黄钨(纳米W源)、碳黑(活性碳源)、钴及适量晶粒长大抑制剂(Cr_3C_2)高效球磨生成含片状晶W/Co/C复合粉末,于低压真空烧结炉中在1410℃的温度下一次碳化烧结制备了片状晶强化新型结构WC-10%Co(质量分数,下同)硬质合金,研究了20%片状W的引入对WC-10%Co硬质合金显微组织结构和性能的影响。通过比表面测定仪和费氏粒度仪测定了粉体的比表面和粒度,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了粉末的形貌和烧结体的显微组织结构,按硬质合金性能测试标准对WC-Co烧结体的物理和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,碳辅助氢还原球磨诱导生成含片状晶W/Co/C复合粉末,经一次碳化烧结可制备出显微组织结构明显不同于普通合金的含片状晶新型结构WC-Co硬质合金;20%片状W粉末的引入致使合金整体晶粒尺寸偏粗,矫顽磁力偏低,但其片状晶和超细晶粒均布的组织结构,不仅能有效提高合金的硬度,还能改善合金的断裂韧性。     

超细WC-Co复合粉的原位反应合成及烧结致密化

以微米级蓝钨(WO2.9)、四氧化三钴(Co3O4)和炭黑(C)为原料,采用真空原位还原碳化反应制备超细WC-Co复合粉末,经过真空烧结得到WC-Co合金块体。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪观察和分析复合粉末及合金显微形貌及物相组成,研究原料粉末中配碳量对WC-Co复合粉及合金物相与力学性能的影响。结果表明:所得平均粒径为300 nm的超细WC-Co复合粉末的主相均为WC和Co相,含有少量的η相(Co3W3C);原料粉末中配碳量(质量分数)为16.69%较为合适,此时可获得物相纯净、平均晶粒尺寸470 nm的超细晶WC-Co硬质合金,合金的横向断裂强度为2 464 MPa;原料粉末中配碳量为16.85%时,合金中存在少量的游离碳,横向断裂强度只有1 946 MPa。     

机械合金化纳米晶Cu-5% Cr粉末的热静液挤压研究

采用机械合金化制备了纳米晶Cu-5%(质量分数,下同)Cr粉末,然后对其进行了热压制坯和热静液挤压致密化研究。结果表明,经10h高能球磨,Cu-5%Cr粉末中Cu的晶粒尺寸细化到约50nm,成为纳米晶粉末。采用热压制坯和热静液挤压工艺可以使纳米晶Cu-5%Cr粉末接近完全致密化。球磨10h的Cu-5%Cr合金粉末经400℃热压制坯和600℃、挤压比为4的热静液挤压后相对密度达到99.3%。热静液挤压致密化后的Cu-5%Cr合金的晶粒有所长大,Cu基体的平均晶粒尺寸达到了500nm左右,变成了亚微米晶材料。该亚微米晶Cu-5%Cr合金具有较好的性能。     

η相粉末的加入对WC-10Co硬质合金组织与性能的影响

通过向WC-10Co混合粉末中加入2%和4%质量分数的η相粉末和等摩尔量的炭黑,经过传统的粉末冶金工艺制备含板状WC晶粒的硬质合金,研究η相碳化反应过程以及η相粉末加入量、η相粉末在基体中球磨时间对合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:加入少量的η相粉末及等摩尔量的工业炭黑后,WC-10Co中的WC晶粒出现了明显的板状特征,随η相粉末加入量增多,板状WC晶粒数量增多;在总球磨时间不变的前提下,随η相粉末在基体中球磨时间增加,板状WC晶粒的分布越来越均匀。所得到的板状WC晶粒是η相在950~1 200℃之间与WC-Co基体中扩散来的C原子碳化反应后生成不同形貌的WC孪晶得来的,且碳化速度是影响WC孪晶形貌的关键因素。相对于相同Co含量的传统硬质合金,板状WC晶粒均匀分布的硬质合金密度基本保持不变,硬度提高0.7%,强度提高6%,断裂韧性提高17%。     

纤维状WC晶粒硬质合金的制备

以高能球磨方法处理制备的纳米晶复合粉末为原料，通过真空烧结制备硬质合金块体，研究该纳米晶复合粉末的烧结致密化行为和显微结构特征。结果表明：该纳米晶粉末的烧结致密化可依烧结温度从低至高分为、3个阶段，而在高于1250℃的液相烧结阶段，将温度提高至1375℃烧结30min，可获得密度为14．46g／cm^3、烧结收缩率为27．2％的致密硬质合金。此时，WC晶粒呈纤维状，随机分布在烧结体中，其长度约为1．2μm，径向尺寸约为100nm；采用高能球磨处理工艺可以获得原位生成的纤维状WC晶粒增强的硬质合金。     

高能球磨合成纳米WC-Co复合粉末的特性

采用变转速多次循环高能球磨工艺在32min制备出了平均晶粒尺寸约为25nm的纳米WC-10CO-0．8VC-0．2Cr3C2(重量分数)复合粉末，并用化学元素分析、XRD，TEM，DTA对纳米WC—Co复合粉末的特性进行了表征和分析。结果表明，变转速多次循环高能球磨工艺制备的纳米WC—CO复合粉末，化学成分合格，杂质含量低，球磨效率高；球磨过程是一个晶粒逐渐细化的过程，同时也是一个晶格畸变逐渐增加、粉末体系能量逐渐增大的过程；球磨得到的WC-Co纳米复合粉末颗粒形貌基本为球形，粒径分布较宽，颗粒中存在着一些团聚体，平均颗粒尺寸约为50nm；纳米WC-10Co-0．8VC-0．2Cr3C2(wt％)复合粉末的共晶点约为1280℃。纳米复合粉末中W，Co，V，Cr元素分布均匀弥散。     

中国超细和纳米晶WC-Co硬质合金的研究开发概况

概述了我国超细和纳米晶W C-Co硬质合金的研究开发现状。我国在制备超细晶硬质合金100nm左右的纳米级粉末原料(W C,W C-Co复合粉末)的批量化生产技术及烧结过程中抑制W C晶粒长大等关键技术方面已取得重要进展,可批量生产0.4～0.6滋m级超细晶硬质合金。添加新型VC基二元晶粒生长抑制剂可实验室制备W C平均晶粒度70nm的纳米晶硬质合金并获得优异性能。在此基础上,对生产技术的重点方向进行研究开发,推动我国超细晶硬质合金向产业化发展的基础条件已趋于成熟。     

不同粘结相WC基硬质合金微观结构与性能

以碳质量分数为理论含碳量的WC为硬质相，在1450℃下通过气压烧结制备WC-20Fe,WC-20Ni和WC-20Co硬质合金，通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针和力学性能测试研究了不同金属粘结相对烧结硬质合金微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明：WC-20Fe合金出现η脱碳相(Fe₃W₃C),W在粘结相Fe中的溶解度仅有1.915%(质量分数)，WC晶粒尺寸最小。WC-20Ni合金渗碳出现石墨相(C),W在粘结相Ni中的溶解度达到10.753%(质量分数)，WC晶粒尺寸最大，合金硬度最小。WC-20Co合金为正常两相区组织(WC+γ)，具有最高抗弯强度2720 MPa和最大硬度934.41 kg·mm^-2。所有合金断裂模式均为脆性断裂和沿晶断裂，WC-20Co合金断口出现明显的粘结相撕裂。     

TaC对高钛亚微米钨钛钴硬质合金性能的影响

配制了TaC含量不同的5种钨钛钴硬质合金混合料,球磨72h使混合料平均粒度为270nm;冷等静压制备压坯,1 380℃真空烧结。测试了试样性能,观察了金相组织,进行了讨论分析。结果表明:随TaC增多,合金密度和相对磁饱和强度都下降,矫顽磁力先升高后降低,含0.6%(质量分数,下同)TaC的合金有较大矫顽磁力值。在TaC含量≤0.6%范围内,合金硬度随TaC量的增加而升高;TaC含量0.6%,合金硬度值明显下降。添加0.4%TaC与未添加TaC的合金比较,前者的抗弯强度增加幅度较大;TaC添加量0.4%时,合金抗弯强度随TaC量增加而逐步下降。TaC具有抑制晶粒长大的作用,添加0.4%TaC的合金有较好的综合性能。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.