脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐的复合性能研究

用MES同AES-2、LAS或AOS进行复合,测定复合样品的表面张力、润湿力、泡沫性能及黏度,并对复合体系的性能进行讨论。结果表明：MES与AES-2复合体系的表面张力和润湿力具有负的协同效应,泡沫体积和黏度明显增加;MES与LAS复合体系的表面张力、润湿力和发泡性能具有负的协同效应,黏度明显增加;而MES与AOS体系的表面张力具有负的协同效应,润湿力有很好的协同效应,泡沫体积明显增加,但黏度无太大变化。在MES与AES-2、LAS或AOS复合体系中,当MES的质量分数为50%时,体系表现出特别的性能。     

醇醚多糖苷产品的制备及其性能测试

以自制的醇醚和葡萄糖为原料制备了醇醚多糖苷产品,对其进行了基本物化性能测定,并与C12~14烷基多糖苷(C12~14APG)的物化性能作了对比分析。结果表明,醇醚多糖苷产品具有优良性能,表面张力29.95 mN/m、润湿力7.05 s、乳化力5.65 min及优良的起泡力和泡沫稳定性,还具有良好的低温水溶性。     

烷基多苷的复配性能研究

用APG 0810、APG 0814和APG 1214同AES或BS 12进行复配,测定了复配样品的表面张力、润湿力、乳化力及发泡性能,并对复配规律进行了讨论。结果表明:APG+AES或APG+BS 12的表面张力呈现明显的协同效应;复配物中,APG 0814或APG 1214的质量分数为20%,就可使体系的表面张力由AES的39.9mN/m降至36.2mN/m;APG+BS 12或APG+AES两种复配体系的润湿力都显示协同效应,前者优于后者,以APG 0810+BS 12为最佳,复配物中当APG 0810质量分数为20%时,可将BS 12的润湿时间从11.2s降至6.2s;APG+AES体系的乳化力具有负的协同效应,而APG+BS 12体系显示正的协同效应,以APG 0810+BS 12为佳;APG+AES、APG+BS 12复配体系的发泡性能都显示协同效应,后者优于前者,尤以APG 1214+BS 12为佳,在复配物中当APG 1214的质量分数为20%时,体系的初始泡沫体积达494mL,5min时的泡沫达459mL。     

Relationship of structure to properties of surfactants. 16. Linear decyldiphenylether sulfonates

The properties of some well-characterized sodium linear decyldiphenylether (C₁₀DPE)sulfonates have been studied. Among the properties investigated are dynamic and equilibrium surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface, wetting time by the Draves technique, foaming by the Ross-Miles method, solubilization, and hydrotropy. The decyldiphenylether moiety appears to be equivalent to a terminally substituted straight alkyl chain of 16 carbon atoms. The trialkyl- and dialkyl-mono-sulfonates have solubilities of < 0.01 g/dm³ in water, but are readily soluble in hexane. The didecyldiphenyl ether disulfonate (DADS) has a very low CMC value (1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³) in aqueous 0.1 N Na⁺ solution (NaCl), characteristic of surfactants with two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic groups. It also has a much larger area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface than the monodecyldiphenyl-ether monosulfonate (MAMS) and a much higher surface tension at the CMC. MAMS has a much lower surface tension at a surface age of 1 second (γ_1s) than either DADS or the monodecyldiphenylether disulfonate (MADS). In agreement with γ_1s and γ_eq values, wetting times increase in the order: MAMS < DADS < MADS and initial foam heights decrease in the order: MAMS > DADS > MADS. Solubilization for three water-insoluble surfactants decreases in the order: DADS > MAMS > MADS, while hydrotropy is most pronounced with the disulfonates.     

无机电解质对十二烷基硫酸钠性质影响的研究

选择不同类型的无机电解质(NaCl、Na2SO4、Na3PO4、MgCl2、AlCl3),考察了电解质对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)表面张力、临界胶束浓度、润湿力、发泡力、乳化力的影响规律。实验表明,无机电解质对SDS的CMC影响显著,随着无机盐的加入,CMC降低,表面活性增强。当加入的氯化钠浓度达到0.3mol/L时,SDS的CMC降到了原来的十分之一,高价位离子对CMC影响大于低价位离子,同价位不同离子影响差别不大;SDS润湿性、乳化性、泡沫性能较好,加入电解质后,其润湿性增强,乳化性、泡沫高度和稳泡性降低。     

Synthesis and Properties of Two Amino Carboxylic Acid Gemini Surfactants

The number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of a surfactant has a great influence on its property. Two Gemini surfactants, N,N″‘-didodecyl-N,N',N″,N″‘-tetrapropionate triethylenetetramine and N,N'-didodecyl-N,N'-dipropionate ethylenediamine (referred as DTPTT and DDPED), were prepared by Michael addition reaction of the didodecyl secondary amines with methyl acrylate. The didodecyl secondary amines were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of triethylenetetramine or ethylenediamine with bromododecane. The DTPTT and DDPED surfactants were characterized by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The surface activities of the DTPTT and DDPED aqueous solutions were studied by surface tension measurements. The surface tension and critical micelle concentration (cmc) of DDPED is smaller than that of DTPTT. The DDPED can reduce the surface tension of water to approximate 34 mN m⁻¹ at concentration levels of 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹. The aggregation behavior of the DTPTT and DDPED aqueous solution were studied by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Both surfactants can form spherical vesicles at a solution of about 3–5 times cmc of the Gemini surfactants. The foam property was determined by nitrogen blowing method. The DTPTT has relatively good foaming ability and DDPED has excellent foam stability. The foam volume of DDPED barely change within 1000s. The emulsion stability of the Gemini surfactants was determined by separation time of water from the emulsion. The emulsion stability of DDPED is equivalent to Tween 80. The DDPED Gemini surfactant with two hydrophilic carboxylic groups has better surface activity, foam stability, and can be used as an O/W emulsifier.     

烷氧基化十四酸乙醇酰胺磺基琥珀酸单酯钠盐的表面活性研究

研究了乙氧基化和丙氧基化十四酸乙醇酰胺磺基琥珀单酯钠盐的表面活性，结果表明，随烷氧基加聚数的增加，临界胶束浓度减小而最小表面张力增大，乙氧基化物的润湿力迅速下降，而丙氧基化物的润湿力趋于增强，二者的起泡力都下降，而泡沫稳定性都较高，变化不显著，前得的润车不及后者，二者起泡力及泡沫稳定性的差别不显著。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(n)硫酸钠的结构与性能关系

通过表面张力法、荧光探针法、帆布沉降法、改进的Ross-Miles法和压热釜式反应等方法,得到了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(n)硫酸钠(NPEnS)同系样品的典型表面活性参数、泡沫和润湿性能以及酸催化水解速率常数。结果表明,随着EO链段长度n增加,cmc,pC20,Γm和cmc/C20等参数减小,发泡力降低,酸催化水解速率常数减小,而润湿性能增加,γcmc和分子截面积A增大,但是胶束平均聚集数N、胶束微环境的极性和泡沫稳定性却变化不大。     

烷基糖苷与醇醚羧酸盐复配性能及其在洗衣液中的应用

以一步法月桂基葡糖苷与氧化法醇醚羧酸进行复配,考察了不同配比溶液的低温稳定性,测试表面张力、泡沫量和润湿时间等数据,并优选了洗衣液配方。结果表明,添加醇醚羧酸盐对烷基糖苷溶液的低温稳定性有极大改善。烷基糖苷与醇醚羧酸盐复配具有协同增效作用,表面张力、发泡稳泡性能和润湿性能都优于单一组分使用性能。烷基糖苷与醇醚羧酸盐复配适合应用于个人洗护、家居清洁和工业配方,尤其适用于有透明、丰富泡沫需求的配方产品。     

Synthesis and Properties of Mono or Double Long-Chain Alkanolamine Surfactants

Two types of N-substituted long-chain alkanolamine surfactants were prepared. Firstly, octadecyl glycidyl ether was synthesized from octadecanol and epichlorohydrin. Subsequently, a ring-opening reaction of the epoxide ring of octadecyl glycidyl ether was performed with monoethanolamine and diethanolamine to synthesize bis(octadecyloxy)-2- hydroxypropylmonoethanolamine (D-MEA)and octadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyldiethanolamine(M-DEA) without catalyst at 60 °C, respectively. And their corresponding tertiary amine salts bis(octadecyloxy)-2-hydroxypropylmonoethanolamine hydrochloride (D-MEAS) and octadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyldiethanolamine hydrochloride (M-DEAS) were attained by neutralization with hydrochloric acid. The study on these four surfactants included their surface active properties, foaming abilities, emulsifying properties, lime-soap dispersion abilities and wetting abilities. The results show that D-MEAS possesses the best surface active property and lime-soap dispersion ability. D-MEA has better foaming ability and foaming stability. The wetting ability of M-DEA and the emulsifying property of M-DEAS are prominent.     

Study on the Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of a Novel Surfactant with Triple Quaternary Ammonium Groups and Triple Dodecyl Chains Derived from Glycerin

The new triple chain surfactant was firstly prepared by ring-opening and a quaternization reaction with 2-(chloromethyl)-oxirane, tertiary amine and propane-1,2,3-triol as starting materials. The surfactant was characterized by MS and elementary analysis. Air–Liquid surface tension was measured by using a tensiometer at temperatures from 298 to 318 K respectively and in various salt solutions (NaX). The results show that with the increase of temperature, the values of critical micelle concentration (cmc) can achieve a minimum at 308 K. The maximum surface adsorption capacity Γ decreases, while the minimum molecule A _min area increases. With the increase in temperature and the decrease in counterionic diameter, the values of cmc decrease from 8.09 × 10⁻⁵ to 5.52 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L, and the adsorption capacity Γ increase from 1.80 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 2.74 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol/m², while there are almost no influences to surface tension (γ_cmc). The free energy of micelle formation is negative (−85.2 to −92.0 kJ/mol).     

Preparation and Surface Activity of Phosphated Alkyl Oligoglucosides

A family of phosphated alkyl oligoglucoside surfactants was prepared by reacting alkyl oligoglucosides with phosphorus oxychloride. The alkyl oligoglucosides were obtained by an usual method in which the glucose is reacted with a fatty alcohol containing 10–18 carbon atoms. These novel phosphated surfactants have been found to exhibit good surface tension, foaming and wetting power. The critical micelle concentration was found to increase with the length of hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant. The surface excess concentration and the interfacial area per surfactant molecule are reported. These phosphated surfactants also exhibit a good performance to improve the whiteness and wetting of cotton fabrics in a hydrogen oxide bleaching system, and they are also found to be more biodegradable than conventional surfactants.     

Synthesis,Surface-Active Properties,and Emulsification Efficiency of Trimeric-Type Nonionic Surfactants Derived From Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine

Trimeric-type nonionic surfactants based on tris(2-aminoethyl)amine were prepared. N-alkyl chloride (namely, octanoyl chloride, n-decanoyl chloride, n-dodecanoyl chloride) was reacted with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine in the presence of toluene and triethylamine. The products were partially reduced and then ethoxylated by poly(ethylene glycol) of molecular weights 400, 1,000, and 2,000 g mol⁻¹. The structures were confirmed by infrared (IR) and ¹HNMR spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the surfactants were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The properties of the prepared compounds were investigated by the surface tension, interfacial tension, and cloud point. The emulsification power of the prepared surfactants for oil-in-water emulsions was also studied and the emulsion stability was monitored by an optical microscope and the bottle testing method. Some factors affecting the emulsion stability were investigated     

Sodium salts of alkyl esters ofa-sulfo fatty acids. Wetting,lime soap dispersion,and related properties

A series of esters of the general formula RCH(SO₃Na)-CO₂R′ of 14–19 carbon atoms prepared by the α-sulfonation of propionic, butyric, pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitie, and stearic acids and esterification with normal primary alcohols were compared for critical micelle concentration, surface and interfacial tension, Ca⁺⁺ stability, wetting properties, foam height, detergency, and lime soap dispersing properties. Comparison of position isomers showed that as the hydrophilic portion moved from the center toward either end, cmc and wetting efficiency decreased, surface and interfacial tension increased, and Ca⁺⁺ stability and lime soap dispersing properties improved. A coconut oil fatty acid forerun sulfonated with SO₃ vapor and esterified with 2-ethylhexanol gave a product with useful wetting properties in soft and hard water. Presented at the fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, October 30–November 1, 1961. Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Synthesis and Assessment of a CO2‐Switchable Foaming Agent Used in Drilling Fluids for Underbalanced Drilling

In underbalanced drilling, a switchable foam fluid is essential to reduce the drilling cost. A switchable foaming agent was synthesized by carbonyl–amine condensation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the tolerable temperature limit of the surfactant was 128 °C. The effectiveness of CO₂/N₂ switching was confirmed by analysis of the electrical conductivity and surface tension. Utilizing the foaming agent, 3 different foam systems (unstable, stable, and hard) were designed for drilling after formula optimization. Experimentally, the self‐circulation indicated that the foaming fluids still maintained great foaming performance even after multiple cycles. The experiment also indicated that the suspension of the foam systems was 50–90 times that of water and had a significant resistance to salts (NaCl, CaCl₂). Besides, the foam systems found that the suitable foaming temperature was 40–100 °C and that the hard foam system could maintain the foaming performance up to 120 °C. In the oil resistance experiment, the foaming ability of the foam systems decreased obviously above a kerosene content of 5% (w/v), whereas a certain foaming performance still could be ensured below 10% kerosene.     

Alkylphosphinic surfactants with C14–C16 fatty chain

Alkylphosphinates with fatty acid chains are a group of not well known anionic phosphorus-containing surfactants. This group of products has the hydrophobic chain linked directly to the phosphorus atom through a P-C bond. An alkyl (C14–C16) phosphinate has been prepared by direct reaction between sodium hypophosphite and a commercial α-olefin with detergent range C14–C16, using tert-butyl perbenzoate as reaction initiator. The alkyl phosphinate (25% active matter) obtained has 2.79% of nonphosphinated substance. The surface tension of the sodium salt is 31.9 dynes/cm at 1 g active product/l at pH=8 and has a moderate foaming power. No significant wetting power has been found.     

Experimental Investigation of the Mechanism of Foaming Agent Concentration Affecting Foam Stability

With the aim of determining the effect of foaming agent concentration (FAC) on foam stability, the half‐life of a selection of typical foaming agents was investigated at different concentrations using the FoamScan^® instrument. The surface tension of the bulk solution after foaming was tested using a surface tension meter. The FAC had a significant effect on foam stability at concentrations <1%, and a weak relationship at concentrations >1%. A significant turning point in the plot of foam stability versus FAC indicated maximum foam stability. The concentration at this point was defined as the optimal stability concentration, which is a guide in foam application. The micelles were thermodynamically unstable at low concentrations and degraded into surfactant solution, but were extremely stable at high surfactant concentrations that did not affect the stability of the foam. A turning point was also observed in the plot of surface tension versus FAC, beyond which the surface tension remained constant; the concentration at this point was defined as the no spherical micelle concentration. The influence of FAC on foam stability is explained in terms of mean bubble diameter (d_mb) and bubble size distribution.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Nonionic Polymeric Surfactants Based on Acrylated Polyethylene Glycol

A novel series of six nonionic polymeric surfactants were prepared by polymerization of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, molecular weight MW = 400, 600 and 2,000) and allyl ester of long chain fatty acid chloride (decanoyl and lauroyl chloride). The unique structural features of these surfactants were confirmed by different spectroscopic tools (IR and ¹H NMR). The surface properties of these compounds such as surface tension, interfacial tension, emulsion stability, wetting power, foam height, solubilization and dispersant properties in disperse dye systems were determined and evaluated. A comparison study was done between the chemical structures and surface properties of such compounds. Biodegradability and stability to hydrolysis in acidic and alkaline media were also determined and evaluated.     

直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐的性能及其在餐具洗涤剂中的应用研究

对直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐(HIPN)的表面张力、润湿力、乳化力、发泡能力等基本性能进行研究,并与洗涤剂常用阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)进行了对比,研究了HIPN在手洗餐具洗涤剂配方中的表现。结果表明,在餐具洗涤剂中HIPN具有优异的增稠性能,能全部代替或者部分代替LAS和AES,实现和AOS复配的低成本无二烷配方。     

新型表面活性剂氧化叔胺的合成研究

介绍了用十二胺、甲酸和醛合成氧化叔胺的合成路线，氧化叔胺是一种新型非离子表面活性剂。经大量实验发现了影响反应的因素，并研究了叔胺及氧化叔胺的合成工艺条件。泡沫稳定实验显示氧化叔胺是一种较好的新型泡沫稳定剂及发泡剂。