不同冻藏温度和时间对沙棘果中Vc含量的影响

将沙棘速冻后分别在-10、-20℃和-30℃条件下冻藏90 d,每隔一段时间测定其Vc含量的变化.结果表明冻藏过程中沙棘的vc含量随冻藏时间的增加而逐渐降低;不同冻藏温度对沙棘Vc含量也存在影响,冻藏温度越低其Vc损失越小,-30 ℃冻藏时沙棘的Vc损失最小.     

速冻荔枝果肉冻藏期间营养成分及色泽的变化研究

色泽是速冻荔枝果肉主要的质量指标之一,冻藏期间速冻荔枝果肉发生褐变会影响产品的商品价值。采用色差仪测定结果表明,速冻荔枝果肉在-60℃下冻藏,基本不会发生色泽变化;而在-18℃下冻藏的样品会发生轻微色泽变化。分析褐变重要的中间产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF),结果也表明,速冻荔枝果肉在-60℃下冻藏,5-HMF基本没有变化;而在-18℃下冻藏的样品会有轻微减少。-18℃、-60℃冻藏期间,营养化学物质除了-18℃冻藏的还原糖有轻微减少外,基本没有发生变化。     

不同冻结储藏方式对河蟹感官品质的影响

目的研究不同冻结速率和保水剂处理对冻藏河蟹感官品质的影响,为河蟹加工产业的原料保存提供技术参考。方法采用冰柜慢冻(慢冻组)、风冷速冻(速冻组)、食盐水保水剂浸渍及风冷速冻(保水剂+速冻组)分别对河蟹进行冻结处理,以傅里叶变换红外光谱分析3组处理河蟹样品和新鲜河蟹肌肉蛋白质中的二级结构含量,通过质构仪测定河蟹不同部位肌肉组织的弹性、硬度和咀嚼性,扫描电镜观察肌肉组织微观结构,电子鼻技术分析风味,以及感官评定综合评价不同处理河蟹的感官品质。结果保水剂+速冻可以显著延缓冻藏河蟹品质的不良变化,蛋白质中α-螺旋结构含量相对慢冻或直接速冻处理较高,质构、肌肉纤维微结构、风味和口感都更接近新鲜河蟹。结论食盐作为安全的保水剂,结合速冻方式,有助于保持冻藏河蟹的肌肉品质,且风味无不良影响。     

不同预处理方式对速冻草莓品质的影响

确定了速冻草莓的最佳冻结时间,并研究了用不同预处理方式处理速冻草莓在冻藏期间的VC含量、pH值的变化,硬度与汁液流失率.速冻预处理溶液采用蔗糖和氯化钙溶液,通过改变浸蘸溶液的浓度和浸蘸时间来改变处理方式.经实验最终确定,最佳速冻时间为5 h,速冻草莓冻藏期间的VC含量逐渐降低,pH值呈上升趋势,经20%糖液处理的草莓色泽较好,用CaCl2溶液预处理草莓的方式可明显提高草莓硬度,减少其汁液流失率.     

马铃薯全粉对速冻水饺冻藏期间水分迁移的影响

研究了添加马铃薯全粉和未添加马铃薯全粉的小麦粉制作的速冻水饺在冻藏期间品质及水分迁移规律,结果表明:未添加马铃薯全粉的速冻水饺在冻藏期间冻裂率和失水率显著升高;添加15%马铃薯全粉的速冻水饺冻裂率为零,失水率增加不显著;进一步采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定了两种速冻水饺皮冻藏期间的可冻结水含量,发现添加马铃薯全粉的速冻水饺皮在相同冻藏时间内可冻结水含量明显降低;利用核磁共振扫描法(NMR)测定冻藏期间两种速冻水饺皮可冻结水含量的变化,结果表明:添加马铃薯全粉的速冻水饺皮中在冻藏期间可冻结水的相对面积逐渐减小,不可冻结水的相对面积在冻藏后期显著增大,说明马铃薯全粉良好的持水性增加了速冻水饺皮中不可冻结水的含量,降低了速冻水饺皮中可冻结水的含量。     

速冻方式对冷冻贮藏中大口黑鲈鱼肉蛋白质特性的影响

本文以大口黑鲈为原料,为研究不同降温速率（液氮速冻（1.81 ℃）、冷冻液速冻（0.15 ℃）、平板速冻（0.14 ℃））对冷冻贮藏中（0、1、2、4、12、24周）鲈鱼肉蛋白质特性的影响,通过测定鱼肉中盐溶性蛋白、巯基、羰基、Ca2+-ATPase酶活含量、表面疏水性、内源性荧光光谱和蛋白质组成的变化,并采用双因素方差和相关性分析研究速冻方式和贮藏时间考察冻结后对鱼肉蛋白变性情况。结果表明:随冻藏时间的推移,盐溶性蛋白值呈下降趋势:平板组与液氮组,分别在冻藏末期最低与最高;巯基与Ca2+-ATPase酶活值均呈先上升后下降的趋势;肌原纤维蛋白内源性荧光强度上升,产生蓝移现象,肌原纤维蛋白羰基与表面疏水性值显著性上升（P<0.05）。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,冻藏期间肌原纤维蛋白发生降解,而液氮组降温速率快,蛋白质降解程度越慢,平板组与其恰恰相反。液氮速冻形成冰晶体积与原料中水的分布相似,利于贮藏。相比较于液氮速冻,冷冻液速冻形成最大冰晶带时间长于液氮速冻,短于平板速冻,两者相差不大。双因素方差与指标间相关性分析表明,速冻方式对肌原纤维蛋白活性巯基、最大荧光强度影响显著（P<0.05）,而冻藏时间是影响鲈鱼蛋白质的主因,冻藏时间越长,肌原纤维蛋白氨基酸侧链基团被氧化修饰,是造成蛋白质降解或聚集的主要因素。     

冻藏条件下高白鲑肌肉蛋白质的生化特性

以肌肉基本营养成分、蛋白质组成、肌原纤维蛋白Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基含量、羰基含量及表面疏水性作为测定指标,考察高白鲑在冻藏过程中的肌肉蛋白质的变化规律。结果显示:高白鲑蛋白质含量为(18.95±0.12)%;随着冻藏时间的延长,肌原纤维蛋白、肌浆蛋白及肌基质蛋白含量均逐渐减少,其中肌原纤维蛋白含量变化最大,由初始值35.86%下降至4.13%,而碱溶性蛋白含量逐渐增加,由初始值19.14%增加至23.74%;肌原纤维蛋白Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性随冻藏时间的增加而降低,冻藏结束时,Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性为0.075μmol Pi/mg protein/min,比冻藏开始时降低了72.8%;总巯基含量随冻藏时间延长逐渐减少,整个冻藏周期呈现两段式下降,冻藏前期下降迅速,后期下降缓慢;羰基含量随冻藏时间的延长不断增加,前2周增加迅速,由初始的4.17 nmol/mg protein增加至4.93 nmol/mg protein;随着冻藏时间的延长,高白鲑肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性逐渐增大。综合各指标的变化情况,表明随着冻藏时间的延长,高白鲑肌肉蛋白质变性加剧。为研究鱼肉蛋白质在冻藏过程中变化规律提供理论参考。     

静电场辅助冻藏对水饺皮品质的影响

以速冻水饺皮为研究对象,文章探讨了低压静电场(输出电压3000 V)辅助冻藏对水饺皮解冻损失率、色泽、水分分布、可冻结水含量、质构特性及流变特性的影响,以期为速冻水饺品质控制提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,速冻水饺解冻损失升高;与对照组相比,静电场辅助冻藏组显著降低水饺皮的解冻损失(P0.05)。冻藏60 d后,静电场组和对照组的自由水含量由0.78%分别升至4.22%和5.61%,可冻结水含量由8.89%分别升至12.86%和14.36%,这可能是由于静电场破坏氢键并使其形成更加稳定的结构,束缚了水分子的流动,抑制了自由水和可冻结水含量的升高。此外,在整个冻藏期间,静电场组水饺皮亮度(L*)、硬度、弹性模量(G')显著高于对照组(P0.05)。因此,低压静电场辅助冻藏有利于保持水饺皮的品质,减少在冻藏过程中能量损耗,这对于速冻水饺的储藏具有重要的指导意义。     

氯化钙处理对速冻蓝莓冻藏期品质的影响

研究不同质量分数氯化钙处理对速冻蓝莓果实于－18 ℃冻藏时品质变化的影响。结果表明：随着冻藏时间延长,速冻蓝莓果实的质量、硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸、VC、花色苷和总酚含量均呈下降趋势。浸钙处理可延缓速冻蓝莓果实质量、硬度、TSS、可滴定酸、VC、花色苷和总酚含量的下降,保持果实原有品质。在整个冻藏期多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性不断下降,氯化钙处理组冻藏后期PPO活性明显被抑制,但对POD活性没有显著效果。综合分析各指标,经1.5%氯化钙溶液处理的速冻蓝莓其冻藏期品质最好。     

速冻山药热烫工艺研究

对山药的速冻预处理工艺进行了研究。在实验中,以清水为热烫液,通过测定Vc的含量、可溶性固形物的含量、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性这四个指标来确定最佳的热烫时间和温度。同时对经热烫和不经热烫两种不同处理的山药在冻藏过程中的色泽变化进行了评价。研究表明,速冻山药必须进行热烫处理以使酶失活。最佳的热烫时间和温度为60s和90±1℃。     

Effect of pretreatment and conditions and period of storage on some quality indices of frozen chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

Chive leaves for freezing contained 13.9 g dry matter, 133 mg vitamin C, 4.7 mg β carotene, 121 mg chlorophylls (a+b), 40.4 mg nitrates, and 0.19 mg nitrites in 100 g of edible parts. Blanching of the raw material before freezing reduced the level of dry matter by 22%, vitamin C 29%, β carotene 20%, chlorophylls 21%, and nitrates 26%, while that of nitrites increased three times. Freezing and 12-month storage of frozen material caused further losses in the analysed constituents except dry matter. Losses were distinctly higher on freezing non-blanched chive, a further enhancement of losses being observed with a storage temperature at −20°C. After a 12-month storage of frozen chive, the preserved content of vitamin C ranged from 11 to 66%, β carotene 37 to 65%, chlorophylls 65 to 75%, and nitrates 58 to 81%. If the blanching is omitted and the storage temperature is −20°C, a good preservation of vitamin C is not possible even for a period of 3 months. In contrast, the pretreatment of blanching ensures its good preservation at −20°C and at −30°C, and also yields a very good conservation of all the constituents analysed.     

Effects of traditional and modified technology,in the production of frozen cauliflower,on the contents of selected antioxidative compounds

The investigation concerned white and green cauliflowers: a traditional technology of freeze – blanched cauliflower, a modified technology of freeze – cooked cauliflower, and two temperatures of frozen storage at −20 and −30 °C for 0, 4, 8, and 12 months. Compared with the white cauliflower, the green variety was characterized by significantly greater contents of dry matter, vitamin C, carotenoids, β-carotene, polyphenols and a higher antioxidative activity at all the stages of evaluation. Depending on the investigated sample, after 12 months of refrigerated storage, cauliflower prepared for consumption retained 29–50% of vitamin C, 73–100% of carotenoids, 53–125% of β-carotene, 69–85% of polyphenols and 26–40% of antioxidative activity in comparison with the raw material. After a 12-month storage, the product obtained using the modified technology contained significantly more vitamin C and in general showed a higher antioxidative activity than did with the traditional product. The lower storage temperature resulted in significantly better retention of vitamin C and also – in some samples – a better retention of carotenoids, β-carotene, and polyphenols. A higher sensory quality was found in products of green cauliflower obtained according to the traditional technology.     

Decontaminative effect of frozen acidic electrolyzed water on lettuce

We investigated the effects of frozen acidic electrolyzed water (AcEW) on lettuce during storage in a styrene-foam container. The lettuce was kept at 2 to 3 degrees C for 24 h. Populations of aerobic bacteria associated with lettuce packed in frozen AcEW were reduced by 1.5 log CFU/g after storage for 24 h. With frozen tap water, no microorganism populations tested in this study were reduced. A frozen mixture of AcEW and alkaline electrolyzed water (AlEW) also failed to reduce populations of microorganisms associated with lettuce. Although chlorine gas was produced by frozen AcEW, it was not produced by the AcEW-AlEW mixture. This result indicates that the main factor in the decontaminative effect of frozen AcEW was the production of chlorine gas. Accordingly, low-temperature storage and decontamination could be achieved simultaneously with frozen AcEW during distribution.     

Effect of freezing and storage on quality factors in Hamburg and leafy parsley

Two types of parsley — the Hamburg cv Berli ska and leafy type cv Paramount — were frozen and stored at temperatures of −20 and −30 °C for 9 months. One half of the material was blanched before freezing and the other half was non-blanched. In 100 g fresh leaves of Hamburg parsley there were 20.0 g of dry matter, 310mg of vitamin C, 7.5mg of β-carotene, 203mg of chlorophyll, 30.8 mg N---NO₃ and 0.078 mg N---NO₂. For the leafy type the corresponding values were 17.3 g, 257 mg, 9.4mg, 68.5mg, and 0.077mg. The material blanched before freezing showed significant losses in the contents of vitamin C (47–51%), nitrates (22–33%), and nitrites (43–55%) and distinctly smaller ones but also significant in the case of dry matter. During freezing and storage of frozen products there were losses in vitamin C, β-carotene, and chlorophyll while the levels of nitrates and nitrites were variable. Particularly great losses of vitamin C and β-carotene were observed in the non-blanched frozen leaves stored at −20 °C. After 9 months' storage, frozen products preserved 10–44% of vitamin C, 37–91% of β-carotene, 78–95% of chlorophyll, and 78–153% of nitrates. Of the types of parsley analyzed the Hamburg type was a better raw material for freezing because of a significantly higher content of vitamin C and chlorophyll and significantly less nitrates in frozen products. When the storage temperature was −30 °C, the blanching of leaves was not necessary, although it helped their pressing into cubes.     

Drip loss,peroxidase and sensory changes in kiwi fruit slices during frozen storage

The biochemical, sensory and drip loss changes that occur during processing and prolonged frozen storage of kiwi fruit slices (cvs Abbott and Hayward) were studied. Fruit slices were frozen at ?40°C, packed in polyethylene bags and stored at ?18°C for 11 months. Maturity characteristics (pH, acidity, dry matter, soluble solids) were determined on raw fruit. Objective (proteins, peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity, drip loss) and subjective (sensory tests) analyses were carried out during processing and storage, and indicated a good quality of the frozen kiwi fruit slices after 11 months of storage. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the studied varieties with respect to drip loss during frozen storage and colour after 11 months. Best results were obtained with cv Hayward. This variety showed less drip loss after thawing and after 11 months storage presented the same green colour as after freezing, while cv Abbott became yellowish-green.     

CHANGES IN PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF THORNBACK RAY (RAJA CLAVATA, L. 1758) SURIMI DURING WASHING AND FROZEN STORAGE

The effects of frozen storage of surimi produced from thornback ray and the washing of mince on the chemical composition were investigated. The crude ash content which was initially found as 1.38% in raw thornback ray decreased approximately 12 and 80% after the first and second washing, respectively. After the third washing, crude ash content increased to 207% of the amount in the second washing because of addition of salt to the last washing water. The crude protein content of mince also decreased approximately to 28 and 20% after the first and second washing, respectively. After the third washing, the decrease in the lipid levels was approximately 30%. At the end of 6 months of frozen storage at − 23.8  ±  2C, dry matter, crude ash and crude protein contents increased in a greater ratio in surimi containing 4% sorbitol, 4% sucrose and 0.3% Na-tripolyphosphate than surimi prepared with 8% sorbitol and 0.3% Na-tripolyphosphate.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the present study, the effects of frozen storage of surimi produced from thornback ray and the washing of mince on the chemical composition were investigated. Washing procedure significantly decreased crude ash, crude protein and crude fat content of mince. There were significant differences in moisture, crude ash, and crude protein contents during the 6 months storage period of frozen surimi obtained by using different cryoprotectant mixtures. The folding test scores were highest in fresh surimi and during the first two months of storage. Thornback ray can be used for the production of surimi.     

Impact of dietary carotenoid and packaging during frozen storage on the quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed carotenoids

BACKGROUND: The storage life of frozen salmonids is often limited primarily by oxidation and flesh discolouration due to carotenoid degradation. The objective of this research was to determine the carotenoid changes and therefore the muscle colour modifications during 6 months of frozen storage (?18 °C) of whole rainbow trout fed astaxanthin (100 ppm) or canthaxanthin (80 ppm), kept under two different packagings: plastic film and cardboard box. RESULTS: After 6 months of frozen storage, the carotenoid type effect was seen for dry matter while there was no packaging material effect on carotenoid, total lipids, and TBARS contents of trout fillets. The time under frozen storage had an effect on carotenoid and TBARS fillet concentration. The carotenoid‐type effect was noted for the four colour parameters (lightness difference, chroma difference, hue angle difference, and total colour difference) of rainbow trout fillet, while the packaging material effect was observed only for chroma. Frozen storage time had an effect on the four colour parameters of rainbow trout fillet. CONCLUSION: Carotenoid and packaging material effects were more marked for colour parameters than for biochemical parameters. In this study, as fish were frozen and stored as whole fish, fish skin provided good protection against oxidation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes in the level of vitamin C,beta-carotene,thiamine, and riboflavin during preservation of immature grass pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lathyrus sativus L</Emphasis>.) seeds

The aim of the work was to evaluate the content of vitamin C, beta-carotene, thiamine, and riboflavin in raw and preserved physiologically immature grass pea seeds. The seeds of the cultivar Krab, differing in their morphology, phytometric traits, and specific gravity were divided into four stages of maturity, which corresponded to the following levels of their dry matter content: I - 25.9, II - 30.1, III - 36.4, and IV 40.6 g/100 g. The evaluation was conducted at the stage of the raw material, the material after blanching, frozen seeds after 6-month storage before and after cooking to the consumption consistency, and canned seeds 6 months after production. With the maturity degree of grass pea seeds the content of vitamin C was reduced by 19%, beta-carotene by 29%, riboflavin by 20%, while that of thiamine increased by 97%. The blanching of seeds led to a statistically significant decrease only in the content of vitamin C. Freezing and frozen storage did not significantly affect the level of the analysed components. The cooking of frozen seeds, the preservation of canned products, and their storage significantly reduced the content of all the analysed components in all the samples. No dependence was found between the magnitude of decreases in the investigated compounds and the degree of seed maturity. After cooking frozen seeds prepared from the raw material at the same maturity degree as the canned product contained 32%-51% more vitamin C, 0%-8% more beta-carotene, 40%-97% more thiamine, and 20%-25% more riboflavin, depending on the degree of seed maturity.     

Effect of freezing and canning on the content of selected vitamins and pigments in seeds of two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivars at the not fully mature stage

Seeds of the grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivars Derek and Krab, with a dry matter content of about 33%, were used for freezing and for canning. The content of vitamins C, B1, and B2 and of carotenoids, beta-carotene, and chlorophylls was determined in raw and blanched material, in frozen products after 6-month storage before and after cooking to consumption consistency, and in canned products after 6-month storage. In comparison with the cultivar Krab, raw seeds of Derek contained 45% more vitamin C, 14% more total chlorophylls, 13% less thiamine (vitamin B1), and 7% less riboflavin (vitamin B2). The level of carotenoids was similar. Blanching of seeds led to a statistically significant decrease only in the content of vitamin C. Freezing and frozen storage significantly lowered the level of vitamin C and chlorophylls. The cooking of frozen seeds and the production of canned products and their storage resulted in a statistically verified reduction in the content of components analysed in all the samples. Greater losses were found in products prepared from seeds of the cv. Krab. After cooking, frozen seeds contained more of all the analysed components than the canned products.     

Nutritional comparison of fresh,frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. Part 1. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds

The first of a two‐part review of the recent and classical literature reveals that loss of nutrients in fresh products during storage and cooking may be more substantial than commonly perceived. Depending on the commodity, freezing and canning processes may preserve nutrient value. The initial thermal treatment of processed products can cause loss of water‐soluble and oxygen‐labile nutrients such as vitamin C and the B vitamins. However, these nutrients are relatively stable during subsequent canned storage owing to the lack of oxygen. Frozen products lose fewer nutrients initially because of the short heating time in blanching, but they lose more nutrients during storage owing to oxidation. Phenolic compounds are also water‐soluble and oxygen‐labile, but changes during processing, storage and cooking appear to be highly variable by commodity. Further studies would facilitate the understanding of the changes in these phytochemicals. Changes in moisture content during storage, cooking and processing can misrepresent changes in nutrient content. These findings indicate that exclusive recommendations of fresh produce ignore the nutrient benefits of canned and frozen products. Nutritional comparison would be facilitated if future research would express nutrient data on a dry weight basis to account for changes in moisture. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry