镁合金表面化学镀Ni-P合金稳定剂优选试验研究

在合理选择化学镀Ni-P合金配方和工艺条件的基础上,采用对比实验研究了硫脲、Pb(AC)2、KIO3、KI、Bi(NO3)2几种稳定剂及其复合对镁合金化学镀Ni-P合金镀液及镀层性能的影响。研究发现:适合NiSO4体系镁合金化学镀的稳定剂为KI KIO3,采用复合稳定剂的镀液稳定性及镀层性能明显优于单一稳定剂,在优化的稳定剂及相应的工艺条件下,镀液的稳定性好,镀速高,镀层均匀、致密,孔隙率低,耐蚀性能优良。     

铝化学镀Ni-P的试验研究

为了改善铝基体上化学镀Ni-P存在的镀速慢、镀层腐蚀性能差等问题,研究了稳定剂和表面活性剂对铝化学镀Ni-P镀层的沉积速度、硬度、孔隙率、结合力、耐蚀性、腐蚀电位、表面形貌等性能的影响.结果表明,铝上化学镀Ni-P的合理单组分稳定剂是KI(1 mg/L),最佳二元复合稳定剂是"KIO3(1 mg/L) Pb(Ac)2(1 mg/L)".分别加入50 mg/L表面活性剂磺基水杨酸和十二烷基磺酸钠,镀层性能普遍有所提高.     

pH值及温度对AZ31镁合金化学镀Ni-P合金性能的影响

采用电化学技术等试验方法,研究了镀液p H值及温度对AZ31镁合金化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的镀速、孔隙率、点滴腐蚀试验时间、腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流和交流阻抗的影响。结果表明,当镀液pH值为7时,AZ31镁合金化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的沉积速率最大,为8.48μm/h,显微硬度高(250 kgf/mm~2),孔隙率为0个/cm~2,Na Cl点滴腐蚀试验时间最长,为90 s,腐蚀电流密度小,为0.177 m A/cm~2,腐蚀电位最大,为-1.015 V。当镀液温度为75℃时,镀层的沉积速率大,耐蚀性能好。镀层包状物颗粒均匀、紧密、无缺陷。     

化学镀Ni-P合金稳定剂的研究

研究了几种稳定剂对化学镀Ni-P合金镀液的影响.采用对比试验比较了镀速和稳定性的变化规律.研究结果表明:稳定剂浓度增大时,镀速先增加至最高值,然后下降.痕量的稳定剂对镀液的稳定性有决定性的影响.得出了较合适的各稳定剂用量范围:稳定剂B和Pb(Ac)2为1～2mg/L;KIO3为6～10mg/L;Na2S2O3为2.5mg/L.对相关稳定剂的机理进行了探讨.     

Ni-P合金化学镀复合稳定剂优化试验研究

确定了化学镀Ni-P合金工艺试验技术路线,选取影响工艺性能的3个工艺参数,设计了L9(34)正交试验方案,探讨了各种稳定剂化学镀对Ni-P合金镀液和镀层性能的影响,用极差法分析了各工艺参数对工艺性能影响的主次顺序,确定了最佳工艺配方,优化验证试验结果表明:该工艺不仅镀层性能优良,而且镀液镀速高、稳定性好,具有很好的推广应用价值.     

铸铁表面化学镀Ni-P合金络合剂的研究

针对化学Ni-P镀过程中镀液稳定性差、使用寿命短、沉积速率低和pH范围窄等问题,采用对比实验和正交实验方法,以镀速、孔隙率、稳定性和镀层硬度为评价指标,研究了乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和丁二酸络合剂及复合络合剂对镀液和镀层性能的影响.研究得到最优的铸铁表面Ni-P镀的复合络合剂配方为:乳酸20ml/L,苹果酸9g/L,丁二酸6g/L.此复合络合剂配方配制化学镀镍液可使镀速达到14.5μm/h,孔隙率降至0.45个/cm2,稳定性提高到3500s,硬度达620HV.     

镁锆合金表面Ni-P非晶化学镀工艺研究

镁锆合金是一种轻质、高阻尼的新型合金,但耐蚀性极差.采用化学镀方法,系统研究了Mg-0.57Zr合金表面Ni-P非晶化学镀的预处理及施镀工艺.研究结果表明:1)采用复合酸洗,有利于提高镀层与基体的结合力、镀层的沉积均匀性和金属光泽度;2)直接化学镀镍比预浸锌后再化学镀镍的工艺方案,更利于提高镀速、降低镀层孔隙率;3)采用所推荐的化学镀工艺,获得了与基体结合力高、孔隙率低、耐蚀性较好的Ni-P非晶镀层,其平均镀速为11.44 μm/h,镀层硬度比合金基体提高10.7倍.     

双层Ni - P化学镀工艺及镀层在NaCl溶液中耐蚀性能的研究

采用正交实验筛选出一种含11.0 mass%P自腐蚀电位为-0.35 V的Ni-P、合金镀层作为中间层,与含9.7 mass%P、自腐蚀电位为-0.46 V的Ni-P合金镀层作为表面层,复配成为双镀层.采用PdCl2 稳定性实验检验了镀液的稳定性,用中性盐雾试验、孔隙率试验和扫描电镜对比研究了双层化学镀Ni-P与单层化学镀Ni-P的腐蚀速率和耐点蚀特性.实验结果显示：双层镀Ni-P试样的平均腐蚀速率为7.04μm/a,仅为单层镀试样腐蚀速率28.3μm/a的四分之一,表明双层化学镀Ni-P耐孔蚀性能明显优于单层化学镀Ni-P.     

n-Al_2O_3/Ni-P化学复合镀镀层表面质量评价

为了研究n-Al2O3/Ni-P化学复合镀层的表面质量,通过正交试验,得到n-Al2O3/Ni-P化学复合镀的最佳工艺参数为:温度86℃,pH值为5.2,搅拌量60L/h,纳米含量8g/L,表面活性剂A为2g/L,B为40mL.以镀层的硬度、孔隙率和表面粗糙度为评价标准,结果表明,n-Al2O3/Ni-P化学复合镀镀层的表面质量优于Ni-P化学镀:n-Al2O3/Ni-P化学复合镀镀层表面均匀致密,孔隙率等级为9级,硬度达到620HV,表面粗糙度Ra0.628μm.     

化学镀Ni-P合金复合络合剂正交优化试验

确定了化学镀Ni-P合金工艺试验技术路线,选取影响工艺性能的5个工艺参数,设计了L16(4^5)正交试验方案,探讨了各种添加剂化学镀对Ni-P合金镀液和镀层性能的影响,用极差法分析了各工艺参数对工艺性能影响的主次顺序,确定了最佳工艺配方。优化验证试验结果表明：该工艺具有镀速高、稳定性好、镀层孔隙率低、硬度高的特点。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.