认知失误定量分析方法及其在PSA中的应用

认知可靠性和失误分析方法(CREAM)是第二代人的可靠性分析方法中的代表方法之一.以CREAM的核心思想为基础,对定量分析方法进行了改进,给出了共同绩效条件(CPC)对人的可靠性影响的量化指数.提出了用环境影响指数来定量计算情景环境迫使人的认知失误的发生概率,给出了概率安全评价(PSA)中人误概率的分析方法,并用于诊断核电站蒸汽发生器传热管破裂和蒸汽发生器隔离时的人误概率分析.     

CREAM追溯法及其在根原因分析中的应用

认知可靠性和失误分析方法(CREAM)是第二代人因可靠性分析方法中的代表方法之一,它具有追溯和预测的双向分析功能。介绍了CREAM追溯分析方法的基本思想,给出了追溯分析的实现框架和具体步骤。应用CREAM追溯法对三哩岛事故进程中的重要人因失误事件进行了根原因追溯分析,结果表明根原因是和电站的情景环境有关的,是迫使人因失误发生的因素,也说明了CREAM追溯分析方法的实用性和有效性。     

核电站人因失误的动态灰色关联分析

基于人的失误率预测技术(THERP)和失误分析方法(CREAM),运用一种动态的、关注影响结果的人因失误动态灰色关联分析方法,搜集、整理、分析了2006年至2008年间我国6座运行核电厂的人因事件情况.在此基础上,对人因事件进行分类,运用动态灰色关联分析得到相应的关联度,提出核电厂应重点控制与预防管理的人因失误因素.     

核电厂A类人因事故分析方法及应用

人因可靠性分析(HRA)已成为概率安全分析(PSA)必不可少的内容.事故前人因事件可靠性分析作为HRA的重要组成部分,对PSA最终计算结果有重要影响.本文描述了事故前人因事件分析的基本程序、方法及分析文档模式,建立了程序化的事故前人因事件分析模式,该分析方法在国内某核电厂最近的HRA分析中得到应用并取得成功.     

核电厂临时设备投运人员可靠性评估模型

核电厂临时设备作为严重事故缓解的重要设施,其接入工序大多较为复杂。为了分析核电厂人员在临时设备投运时的可靠性,通过研究福岛核事故后改进项所增设临时设备接入行为的特征,基于人因失误模式和影响分析,定义人因失误发生概率、人因失误影响程度、人因失误可恢复概率为风险因子,结合专家评价与模糊语言理论提出一种临时设备投运人员可靠性评估模型。以全厂断电事故下移动电源的接入任务为例,应用所建模型获得了该任务中的人误模式重要度排序及合理的风险见解,验证了模型的可行性。      

WANO人因事件统计及分析

对世界核电厂营运者联合会1993～2002年940份运行事件分析报告进行分析．发现有551件与人因相关．人因失误仍然是核电站事故最主要的诱因之一运用统计技术和数据挖掘技术对这551件人因事件进行分析．获得如下结论：①维修、调试,试验活动中所产生的人误导致系统潜在失效而最终诱发系统事故已成为人因事故最重要的原因;②反应堆启动阶段和停堆阶段人误概率较高,且易诱发严重事故;③人因事件发生概率与反应堆类型没有必然的联系;④对事故征兆或事故判断失误和操作失误是人误的最主要表现形式．也是导致人因事故的最主要原因,造成严重电站瞬态和安全系统的故障或者不恰当投运的事故的可能性较大;⑤理论知识欠缺、基本操作能力较差、组织管理缺陷、规程不足以及粗心大意、缺乏相互检查是导致人因失误最主要的根原因.     

核电厂数字化SOP对人因失误的影响

主控室中数字化状态导向规程SOP(State-oriented Procedure)的应用使操纵员执行事故处理的逻辑和信息显示方式都发生了重大变化。本文介绍了SOP规程的原理,描述了数字化主控室中操纵员执行SOP处理电厂事故的流程。以核电厂主控室现场调研、行为观察、模拟机实验和操纵员访谈为依据,发现数字化SOP在操作控制、信息显示、班组合作等方面带来了大量可能导致人因失误的因素,以及可能出现的新的人误模式,可期为SOP规程的优化提供支持。     

数字化核电厂班组情景意识可靠性评价方法

班组情景意识(TSA)水平是影响班组可靠性的重要原因。为更客观地定量评价数字化核电厂TSA水平,通过定性分析和专家组讨论构建TSA因果概念模型,发展基于贝叶斯网络的TSA可靠性评价方法。该评价方法不仅考虑了行为形成因子(PSF)的相对权重,且发展了分别用于确定中间变量和二值变量条件概率的方法,使获得的概率数据更为客观合理。通过案例分析说明该方法的具体应用。结果表明,该方法不仅能很好地模拟PSF与TSA可靠性之间的因果关系,且在给定事故情景下能定量对TSA可靠性进行评价,并能识别出引发TSA失误的最重要原因,为人因失误预防提供理论支持。     

考虑组织和管理因素影响的人误概率计算方法

采用三级影响图模型，对人的失误概率计算进行了描述，模型中能考虑组织和管理因素对人误概率的影响。概率影响图最初只是作为构造和表征决策树或事件树模型的一种工具，本文按三级影响水平对产人识的原因建立了分析模型，介绍了定量求解影响图模型的方法。它可用于核电厂概率安全评价中的人误概率计算，也可用于复杂树的定量化，它是一种工程决策分析中的重要方法。     

基于模拟机实验的核电厂数字化主控室人因失误辨识

为了识别核电厂数字化主控室中操纵员的主要人因失误模式,本文基于现场观察、操纵员访谈以及认知行为分析识别操纵员的主要认知功能,并据此建立了人因失误分类体系。在此基础上,通过模拟机实验识别数字化主控室操纵员的主要人因失误模式及其原因,为提高核电厂操纵员的行为可靠性、人因失误的减少和预防提供理论支持。     

Sorption methods of separating barium and radium,aluminum and gallum,and zirconium and hafnium

Chromatographic methods of separating elements with very similar properties have now been developed. However, a number of these methods are difficult to use industrially as their throughput is low. The efficiency of chromatographic separation methods could be increased considerably by using appropriate complex formers, which decrease the effective concentration of the ions being separated, and,in the first approximation, this is equivalent to a decrease in the amount of elements being separated. The difference in the formation constants of the complex compounds increases the separation coefficient. By investigating chromatographic separation with the use of various complex formers, we found the optimal conditions for separating barium and radium, zirconium and hafnium, and aluminum and gallium. The throughput of these methods, with respect to the macroelement was 15–60 kg/hr per m² of column cross section.     

医源性电离辐射损伤及其生物医学防护

随着核与辐射技术在医学检查、诊断和治疗领域运用的增加,世界范围受照人群不断增多,医源性辐射已成为人类最主要的人工辐射来源之一。医疗机构和个人在选择利用放射手段获取诊断和治疗利益的同时,需要注意和防护伴随的辐射损伤效应。本文介绍了医源性辐射及其危害、机体组织的辐射损伤特性和类型、辐射生物效应分子及效应调节研究的进展,简要概述目前临床已经使用或最具应用潜力的辐射防护策略。     

Distribution and Fixation of Cesium and Strontium in Zeolite A and Chabazite

The selective removal and fixation of Cs and Sr have been studied in zeolite A and chabazite. Cesium ion was preferentially distributed into chabazite with a high distribution coefficient (K _Cs>10³ cm³·g^?1) in the presence of NaCl (10^?1 mol·dm^?3). The K _Sr values for zeolite A attained about 10³ cm³·g^?1 in the pH range of 8～10, and they gradually decreased with an decrease in pH.

The initial rate of Cs adsorption was fairly fast in chabazite, and the adsorption ratio reached almost 100% within a few hours. The adsorption ratio of Sr in binderless A zeolite reached almost 100% after 15 h. The adsorption of Cs and Sr on these zeolites was followed by Langmuir-type isotherm. Cesium forms of these zeolites recrystallized to pollucite (CsAlSi₂O₆) above 900°C for zeolite A and above 1,200°C for chabazite. As for Sr forms, these zeolites changed to SrAl₂Si₂O₆ above 900°C.

These recrystallized phases were suitable hosts for the immobilization of Cs and Sr in the nuclear waste solutions.     

清洁解控和退役若干动向与新发展

对国际辐射防护协会第 1 0届大会 ( IRPA-1 0 )涉及的清洁解控和退役问题作了论述 ,包括排除、豁免、清洁解控和废物最少化 ;退役工程技术的发展 ,包括去污技术、切割解体技术、探测技术 ;介绍了一个研究堆退役例子和加速器退役 ;最后 ,还论及了退役中受关注的一些问题 ,如 :石墨废物、混凝土废物、重水堆退役的氚防护、退役时间和退役废物量等。     

Development and diversity and defense-in-depth application of ABWR feedwater pump and controller model

This work developed an advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) feedwater pump and controller model, which was incorporated into Personal Computer Transient Analyzer (PCTran)-ABWR, a nuclear power plant simulation code. The feedwater pump model includes three turbine-driven feedwater pumps and one motor-driven feedwater pump. The feedwater controller includes a one-element/three-element water level controller and a specific feedwater speed controller for each feedwater pump. The performance tests, including step change of dome pressure, feedwater pumps transfer, inadvertent closure of all turbine control valves, and one feedwater pump trip at 100% power, demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic response of stand-alone model and incorporated model. Furthermore, a diversity and defense-in-depth analysis is performed to demonstrate the feasibility for motor-driven feedwater pump as an emergency core cooling system (ECCS) automatic diverse back-up. In Lungmen nuclear power plant (NPP), a diverse manual initiation means for the high pressure core flooder (HPCF) loop C is designed as the back-up of digitalized engineered safety features actuation system (ESFAS). If the motor-driven feedwater pump (MDFWP) can be an automatic digital diverse back-up for ESFAS, Lungmen NPP would be more robust to defend against software common-cause failure (CCF).     

Plastic and dissipated work and stored energy

This paper depicts one theoretical and experimental method to take into account the energy phenomena, associated with the elasto—plastic deformation process, during the elaboration of behaviour laws. The energy balance definition is examined in order to relate the stored energy of cold work to the hardening state variables. Two experimental approaches are used to study the evolution of the energy balance. The first one uses microcalorimetric technique and the second infrared technique. Several industrial metallic materials are studied by both approaches. Energy data are used to control the validity domain of the classical behaviour laws and to elaborate new more appropriate ones. Therefore, the hardening parameters cannot be identified with the thermodynamical forces. The use of energy considerations allows the definition of new thermodynamical forces and state variables, in the case of isotropic or kinematical hardening.     

全国核与辐射安全监管信息系统的研究和建议

文章简要介绍了全国核与辐射安全监管信息系统的前期规划建设情况,包括基本建设内容、系统总体架构、以及工作中发现的影响和制约工作开展的主要问题,并提出了建议。     

Construction and operational experience with small and medium power reactors and expected improvements

Past experience with small and medium power reactors (SMPRs) in the areas of construction and operation is examined in this paper. Current development of SMPRs focuses on passive safety features; larger design and safety margins; reduction of construction periods through simplification, modularization and increased shop fabrication.