基于不同涂层的镁水泥钢筋混凝土耐腐蚀性试验研究

针对因钢筋腐蚀而造成镁水泥钢筋混凝土使用寿命较短的问题,制备不同涂层钢筋的镁水泥混凝土试件,通过CS350工作站及其分析软件对不同龄期试件进行测试分析,根据腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度、腐蚀速率及涂层电阻等电化学参数,衡量同种涂层钢筋在不同环境下的抗腐蚀性能.结果表明:锌美特涂层在三种环境下均出现低腐蚀现象,且室内自然环境下腐蚀情况最轻、自然水浸泡环境下次之,氯盐浸泡环境下最差.美加力涂层与久美特涂层在三种环境下均未出现腐蚀现象,且室内自然环境下抗腐蚀性能最好、氯盐浸泡环境下次之、自然水浸泡环境下最差;三种环境下涂层钢筋防腐性能均为:久美特涂层钢筋最好、美加力涂层钢筋次之、锌美特涂层钢筋最差;涂层钢筋在不同环境下虽然抗腐蚀性能不同,但涂层技术均可以延长镁水泥钢筋混凝土构件的使用寿命.     

基于不同胶凝材料钢筋混凝土耐腐蚀性试验研究

针对混凝土结构中钢筋的锈蚀问题,以普通硅酸盐水泥和镁水泥作为胶凝材料,制作了钢筋裸露和涂有环氧树脂涂层的4种钢筋混凝土试件,将其浸泡在氯盐、硫酸盐及镁盐的耦合溶液中,利用电化学方法得到极化曲线和交流阻抗谱,通过塔菲尔外推法进行非线性最小二乘法拟合计算得到腐蚀电流密度、腐蚀电位、腐蚀速率等相关评价指标来衡量混凝土中钢筋锈蚀情况.结果表明:长期浸泡在耦合盐溶液中,普通硅酸盐水泥和镁水泥钢筋混凝土试件都发生了较严重的腐蚀,普通硅酸盐水泥的抗腐蚀性优于镁水泥;在钢筋表面涂有GHT涂层可极大地降低钢筋的腐蚀速率;镁水泥GHT涂层混凝土试件的抗腐蚀性能劣于硅酸盐GHT涂层混凝土试件但优于硅酸盐裸露钢筋混凝土.     

冻融循环-氯盐侵蚀-荷载耦合作用下混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀行为

为了研究路用混凝土中的钢筋在冻融循环-氯盐侵蚀-荷载多因素耦合作用下的锈蚀行为,利用开路电位法和动电位扫描法测定钢筋的自腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀速率.结果表明:与施加0.3应力比的相比较,施加0.4应力比的试件钢筋脱钝时间提前了50多个循环.高应力比缩短了钢筋脱钝的时间,增大了钢筋发生锈蚀的风险;极化曲线整体负移,...     

弯曲荷载与氯盐耦合作用下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀程度评估

在实际工程中,钢筋混凝土中的钢筋是在氯盐侵蚀和外荷载耦合作用下服役并劣化的。重点研究了氯盐侵蚀和外荷载耦合作用对加速钢筋锈蚀的规律和机理,系统测试了在耦合作用下钢筋腐蚀速度并预测了混凝土保护层开裂时间。试件为内置4根钢筋的混凝土棱柱(普通钢筋混凝土试件和矿渣取代20%水泥的高性能混凝土试件)。运用电化学方法(腐蚀电位、线性极化和电化学阻抗)对混凝土内的钢筋进行了腐蚀程度与状况试验。结果表明:在短期测试期内(8个月),弯曲荷载能明显增加普通混凝土试件中的钢筋锈蚀速度,缩短保护层开裂时间;而对于高性能混凝土试件,弯曲荷载作用则不甚明显。     

利用丝束电极技术研究海洋环境下裂缝混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀EI北大核心CSCD

利用丝束电极技术研究0.1~0.3 mm裂缝砂浆保护下电极表面腐蚀电流分布与电化学阻抗谱。在海洋浪溅区对0.1~0.3 mm裂缝混凝土暴露700d,测试钢筋混凝土阻抗谱并计算腐蚀电流演变。结果表明:无裂缝砂浆中钢筋钝化时间大约为10~17 d,裂缝使得混凝土中钢筋钝化时间提前。混凝土中钢筋钝化与锈蚀均是由点到面的非均匀过程,裂缝使得氧气快速渗透至钢筋表面并在裂缝处形成阴极区;随着氯离子通过裂缝扩散至钢筋,裂缝处钢筋氧化形成若干阳极区。当横向裂缝小于0.1 mm时,海洋环境下的混凝土微细裂缝自愈合降低了氧气供给,使得裂缝处阳极区再次转化为阴极区从而延缓钢筋腐蚀。当横向裂缝为0.3 mm时,混凝土裂缝处钢筋快速锈蚀并向裂缝两边扩展,海洋浪溅区钢筋腐蚀速度可达到0.484μm/a。     

环氧树脂涂层钢筋混凝土的电化学研究

用4×4阵列丝束电极模拟研究混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀,将钢筋混凝土做铁丝表面涂抹树脂和混凝土表面涂抹树脂的涂层处理。通过测量铁丝的自腐蚀电位,研究不同涂层方式对混凝土防腐方面的影响。结果表明,只在混凝土表面涂抹树脂是最好的保护方式,它可以使钢筋的腐蚀电位一直处于钝化范围内,从而保证了钝化膜的完整性。环氧树脂涂层能够非常有效地防止钢筋锈蚀,可有效减少使用期间的维修管理费用,且延长了结构的使用寿命,其经济效益和社会效益是十分巨大的。     

钢筋在硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆中的腐蚀行为研究

为研究硫铝酸盐水泥(CSA)基材料中钢筋的腐蚀行为,将钢筋埋置在氯离子掺量不同的CSA砂浆试件中,利用电化学方法测得钢筋的腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度作为指标来衡量腐蚀情况,并与普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)砂浆中的钢筋进行比较.结果表明:钢筋在CSA中的锈蚀行为与在OPC中具有明显的差异,钢筋在CSA砂浆内会发生早期腐蚀,虽然最终能够钝化,但与OPC相比,引起钢筋破钝的氯离子临界值有所降低,而且腐蚀发生后,钢筋的腐蚀速率也大幅提高.砂浆电阻测试和孔隙液化学组成分析表明CSA对钢筋腐蚀的影响机理主要与孔隙液的碱度和具有侵蚀性的硫酸根离子有关.     

镁合金微弧氧化涂层腐蚀速率的数学模型研究

为了研究AZ31镁合金微弧氧化(MAO)涂层腐蚀速率的数学模型,选取不同的过程参数(包括脉冲频率、电压、氧化时间和电解液浓度),采用微弧氧化技术和磷酸三钠电解液体系,在镁合金基体上制备了耐蚀涂层。研究了不同脉冲频率下制备的MAO涂层在仿生体液中浸泡1、5和7 d后的极化曲线,测试了不同条件下制备的镁合金MAO涂层在浸泡不同时间后的腐蚀电流密度,对不同微弧氧化过程参数及浸泡时间进行了主成分分析,建立了腐蚀速率的数学模型。结果表明,MAO涂层的腐蚀电流密度小于镁合金基体,脉冲频率对腐蚀速率起主导作用。将不同过程参数下制备的镁合金MAO涂层在仿生体液中浸泡24 h,利用Tafel曲线拟合得到的腐蚀电流密度与由回归方程计算所得的模拟电流密度相比,相对误差小于5%,而且其多元评定系数为0.902 1,表明所建立的回归方程能可靠地用来模拟不同参数下制备的镁合金MAO涂层在浸泡不同时间下的腐蚀电流密度,为预测和控制镁及镁合金MAO涂层的腐蚀速率提供指导。     

保护层厚度对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响

混凝土中的钢筋锈蚀破坏是混凝土结构失效破坏的最主要原因.通过电化学测定,研究了保护层厚度对钢筋锈蚀的影响,研究表明:增大混凝土保护层厚度能有效延缓混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀,延长钢筋开始锈蚀的时间,保护层厚度越大,越能延长钢筋开始锈蚀的时间;进入钢筋开始锈蚀阶段后,保护层比较厚的混凝土中钢筋锈蚀速率增长的较慢;在稳定锈蚀阶段,保护层厚度越大.稳定腐蚀电流密度就越小,保护层厚度和稳定腐蚀电流密度存在一定的函数关系,且数据相关性良好.     

亚硝酸离子浓度对混凝土中钢筋宏电池腐蚀电流的影响

在钢筋混凝土结构中,钢筋腐蚀防护的评价通常是基于微电池腐蚀理论,很少是基于宏电池腐蚀理论.本文基于宏电池腐蚀理论,将阴极钢筋和阳极钢筋分别制作成两个独立的砂浆试块,再将不同浓度的亚硝酸离子溶液添加到阳极试块中,通过分析阴极钢筋和阳极钢筋之间的宏电池电位差和宏电池腐蚀电流的变化,来评价亚硝酸离子对钢筋宏电池腐蚀的抑制效果.实验结果表明,充足的亚硝酸离子能够增加阳极钢筋的腐蚀阻抗,降低阴阳极钢筋间的宏电池电位差,从而降低钢筋间的宏电池腐蚀电流.亚硝酸离子浓度越高,对宏电池腐蚀的抑制效果越显著.     

渗铝钢渗铝层中孔隙及裂纹对其耐高温SO2腐蚀性能的影响

研究了热浸渗铝工艺参数及铝液中添加合金元素对渗铝钢渗铝层孔隙及裂纹的影响,并对不同孔隙的渗铝层进行了SO2气氛腐蚀试验。结果表明:裂纹随扩散工艺条件的改变,变化不明显;在渗铝液中添加w(Cr)1.5%或w(Ce)0.5%,在850~950℃的扩散温度,渗铝层的孔隙达到标准1~3级合格要求;在φ(N2)80%,φ(O2)10%,φ(SO2)10%气氛中,600℃恒温条件下腐蚀168 h,渗铝层孔隙稍有增加,950℃扩散的渗铝层耐SO2腐蚀性能好,加Ce渗铝层耐腐蚀性能最优。     

锌镍合金镀层的耐蚀性能研究

在低碳钢表面电镀锌镍合金薄膜.考查了pH值、电流密度和镀液温度等因素对镀层质量的影响.采用XRD与SEM研究镀层的结构和形貌.选择3.5%NaCl溶液作为腐蚀介质,用稳态法研究了镀层的耐蚀性能,得出了较有价值的结论.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.