非化学计量比镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的制备及性能

制备了一系列非化学计量比镁铝尖晶石粉体及透明陶瓷( MgO·nAl2O3,n=1,1.5,2,4),研究了n值对粉体物相的影响以及n值与陶瓷中波红外透过率、抗弯强度的关系.n值为1.5、2、4时,MgO·nAl2O3粉体仍可保持纯尖晶石相.MgO·1.5A12O3透明陶瓷在具备与计量比镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷(MgAl2O4,即MgO·Al2O3)相当的优良中波红外透过率的同时,抗弯强度从152 MPa提高至215 MPa,提高幅度达41％.力学性能的提升有利于镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的应用.     

增强型镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的制备

以溶胶-凝胶法结合热压及热等静压工艺制备了一系列增强型镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷(MgO·n Al2O3),研究了n值对粉体物相的影响以及与陶瓷红外透过率、抗弯强度的关系.n值为1.5、2、4时,MgO· nAl2O3粉体仍可保持纯尖晶石相,增强型镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷MgO·1.5Al2O3在具备与镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷(MgAl2O4,即MgO· Al2O3)相当的优良中波红外透过率的同时,抗弯强度有大幅提高.     

镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的研究进展

高性能透明陶瓷既具有陶瓷材料的耐高温、耐腐蚀、高绝缘、高强度等特性,又具有玻璃材料的光学性能,是极端环境用的重要光学材料。镁铝尖晶石作为透明陶瓷材料的一种,具有立方各向同性、低密度、高熔点、高硬度、高电阻、低热膨胀、高抗热震、耐腐蚀、高强度、近紫外到中红外的透光性和高温稳定性等优异性能,在国防军事、航空航天、激光照明、医疗器械等众多领域备受青睐;而且已广泛应用于红外制导窗口、高马赫航空器的整流罩、透明装甲和极端环境下的光电设备等关系国防安全与核心竞争力的关键领域。镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的研究起步很早,在多年的研究中,科研工作者不断改进镁铝尖晶石粉体合成工艺和烧结技术,形成了逐渐完善的镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷制备体系,已经在强度、纯度、致密度和透光性等方面大有突破。然而,由于镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷是多晶陶瓷,光散射位点多,影响因素多,使得高性能镁铝尖晶石的制备仍然具有一定难度。因此,本文将系统综述镁铝尖晶石的原料合成、烧结工艺及其对镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷结构和性能的影响,旨在阐明镁铝尖晶石的原料-工艺-结构-性能关系以及存在的主要问题与解决方案,为制备极端环境用高性能镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷提供参考。     

LiCoO2合成过程对镁铝尖晶石陶瓷侵蚀的研究

研究了LiCoO2合成粉体过程对镁铝尖晶石陶瓷的侵蚀,并探讨了相关侵蚀机制.研究结果显示,经历10次的LiCoO2粉体合成过程后,镁铝尖晶石陶瓷的平均被侵蚀深度仅约100μm;其侵蚀机制为:含锂化合物先于含钴化合物对镁铝尖晶石陶瓷进行侵蚀并形成LixMyOz(M=Al/Mg)化合物,含钴化合物进一步侵蚀渗透形成LixMyOx(M'=Al/Mg/Co)化合物并从LixMyOz(M=Al/Mg)化合物中析出.研究认为,用镁铝尖晶石陶瓷制备合成钴酸锂粉体用匣钵具有良好的抗侵蚀性能.     

非化学配比对Mg_((1-3χ))Al_((2-2χ))O_4 尖晶石透明陶瓷显微结构的影响

本研究通过真空烧结和热等静压两步烧结制备了一系列的镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷.我们利用XRD对粉体和陶瓷的物相成分进行了实验分析,并发现配比为0≤χ≤0.20 的Mg_((1-3χ))Al_((2-2χ))O_4 粉体具有单一的尖晶石成分.SEM 观察发现陶瓷主晶相边界上有利于增韧陶瓷的氧化铝晶粒.通过氧化铝颗粒的透过率和增韧效果的综合考虑,在较小的光损失条件下,采用配比χ为1.4的Mg_((1-3χ))Al_((2-2χ))O_4 粉体制备的陶瓷的显微结构将会最有利于陶瓷的强韧化.     

镁铝尖晶石粉体制备及其在发光材料领域的研究进展

镁铝尖晶石作为一种有前途的绿色环保型无机功能材料,凭借其优良的性能和低廉的价格等特点而受到广泛关注。在总结镁铝尖晶石基本结构和特点的基础上,对镁铝尖晶石粉体的主要制备方法及其在发光材料领域的研究进展进行了综述。相比于传统固相法和燃烧法,液相法中的环保型水热合成技术在制备特殊形貌的纳米级镁铝尖晶石功能粉体方面具有优势。此外,分析了稀土、过渡元素离子掺杂镁铝尖晶石(MgAl₂O₄)发光材料的荧光性能特点,指出稀土掺杂镁铝尖晶石的上转换发光尚待深入研究,以适应其在生物医学中的应用;过渡元素离子掺杂镁铝尖晶石发光材料,则凭借其鲜艳的色彩表现有望作为一种有前途的固体激光材料。     

TiO_2对合成片状镁铝尖晶石相组成和显微结构的影响

片状镁铝尖晶石有望用于增强陶瓷基复合材料和调控浇注料的性能。为了探索片状镁铝尖晶石的低成本合成,以氧化镁和片状氧化铝为原料,分别添加3%和6%(w)TiO_2,采用固相反应法分别在1 200、1 300、1 400和1 500℃保温5 h合成镁铝尖晶石粉体,并比较了镁铝尖晶石粉体的物相和显微结构,分析TiO_2对合成片状镁铝尖晶石的影响。结果表明:TiO_2的添加能促进氧化铝与氧化镁的高温反应,并大幅度提高镁铝尖晶石的生成量,其中1 500℃下添加6%(w)TiO_2试样的合成产物中镁铝尖晶石含量为74%(w);随着合成温度的升高,更多的Al2O3固溶于镁铝尖晶石中,但在TiO_2对烧结的促进作用下,各物相结合在一起,单一片状的镁铝尖晶石逐渐减少。     

燃烧法制备镁铝尖晶石粉体及其烧结活性研究

按Mg(NO3)2.6H2O与A l(NO3)3.9H2O的摩尔比为1∶2配料,分别添加20.120 g尿素、15.015 g尿素+4.500 g甘氨酸、7.987 g尿素+9.980 g甘氨酸为燃烧剂,采用燃烧合成法制备了镁铝尖晶石粉体,分析了镁铝尖晶石粉体的物相组成和显微结构,并用谢乐公式计算粉体的晶粒尺寸;然后,将镁铝尖晶石粉体成型为样块,在1 600℃保温3 h煅烧,计算块体的烧后永久线变化率,并检测烧后块体的吸水率、显气孔率和体积密度,分析其显微结构。结果表明:1)随着燃烧剂中甘氨酸含量的增加,制备的镁铝尖晶石粉体的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,粒径分布逐渐均匀,但团聚现象逐渐明显。2)随着燃烧剂中甘氨酸含量的增加,由镁铝尖晶石粉体制成的块体在1 600℃保温3 h煅烧后的永久线收缩率逐渐增大,烧后块体的吸水率和显气孔率逐渐减小,体积密度逐渐增大;烧后块体中的颗粒粒径逐渐均匀,异常长大的晶粒逐渐减少。这表明,在燃烧剂中添加甘氨酸有利于提高燃烧合成法制备的镁铝尖晶石粉体的烧结活性。     

La2O3对镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷致密化及其性能的影响

镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷兼具了良好的光学和力学性能,在军、民两用领域有着广泛的实际和潜在应用前景。由于其致密化速率低,在烧结过程中往往需要引入烧结助剂。稀土倍半氧化物熔点高,高温不易挥发,近些年被证实可以促进镁铝尖晶石陶瓷的致密化,但其促烧机理尚不明确。本文以高纯商业化镁铝尖晶石粉体为原料,La₂O₃为烧结助剂,采用无压预烧结合热等静压烧结,制备镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷,通过XRD、SEM、紫外-可见分光光度计、万能试验机等测试手段对其致密化过程及其力学和光学性能进行表征和分析,研究了La₂O₃对镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷致密化过程的影响规律和作用机制。结果表明,La₂O₃通过与尖晶石反应或固溶产生晶格畸变,增加缺陷浓度,从而起到促进致密化的作用,一定程度上降低了预烧温度和热等静压温度。对于190 MPa、1 500 ℃热等静压烧结3 h的样品,La₂O₃掺杂可以显著提高紫外区域的透过率;同时,La偏析到晶粒表面,抑制了尖晶石晶粒的生长,从而提高了样品的力学强度。掺杂0.05%(质量分数)La₂O₃样品较未掺的样品,400 nm处透过率从63%提高到81%,弯曲强度从263.7 MPa提高至319.0 MPa,断裂韧性从1.69 MPa·m^1/2提高至1.82 MPa·m^1/2。     

镁铬尖晶石粉体材料的制取及应用

本文介绍了镁铬尖晶石粉体材料的制取方法、烧结反应法、电熔反应法、化学反应合成法。着重介绍了烧结反应法工艺。采用烧结反应法制取的镁铬尖晶石粉体材料经X-ray衍射分析,其镁铬尖晶石含量≥99％,是一种简便可行制取纯镁铬尖晶石的方法。镁铬尖晶石作为高温陶瓷在工业中具有广泛的用途,如镁铬晶石高温陶瓷热电偶保护管和镁铬尖晶石砖用于水煤浆加压气化炉测温和炉衬。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。