单面干燥条件下混凝土的收缩变形分布特征

通过固定多组位移传感器,研究了单面干燥条件下不同水灰比混凝土试件距离表面不同深度处的收缩变形,同时埋置湿度传感器,研究了不同深度处混凝土中相对湿度变化.结果表明:混凝土试件内层(距表面55 mm和100 mm)的收缩和相对湿度降低明显小于混凝土近表层(距表面10 mm)的;水灰比越小,沿混凝土干燥表面垂直方向的收缩与湿度梯度差越大:单面干燥条件下,不同深度混凝土层的收缩与其相对湿度降低值之间均存在较好的线性关系,在达到相同湿度条件时的表层混凝土收缩小于内层混凝土.     

BFRP筋与钢筋混合配筋混凝土梁抗弯性能试验研究

设计制作10根梁,包括1根玄武岩纤维(BFRP)筋混凝土梁、1根钢筋混凝土梁以及8根BFRP/钢筋混合配筋混凝土梁。通过试验研究了高配筋率及低配筋率下不同配筋面积比对混合配筋混凝土梁受弯性能的影响,分析其承载力、破坏形态、变形性能、裂缝发展及延性性能,并与BFRP筋混凝土梁以及钢筋混凝土梁进行了对比。结果表明,BFRP/钢筋混合配筋梁的破坏形式包括两种:高配筋率混合配筋梁钢筋屈服后受压区混凝土压碎;低配筋率混合配筋梁则在钢筋屈服后BFRP筋被拉断,梁发生脆性破坏。混合配筋混凝土梁荷载-挠度曲线表现出以试件开裂和钢筋屈服为转折点的三线性特征。混合配筋混凝土梁极限承载力稍低于BFRP筋混凝土梁,但高于钢筋混凝土梁,且随着配筋面积的增加而增加。混合配筋混凝土梁的延性系数均比钢筋混凝土梁大,且配筋率越低,配筋面积比越大,延性系数越高。要满足结构抗震设计规范要求,建议配筋面积比不小于0.6。     

CFRP-PCPs复合筋混凝土柱偏压柱受力性能的试验研究

通过15根碳纤维预应力棱柱体复合筋(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Prestressed Concrete Prisms,简称"CFRPPCPs复合筋")混凝土柱进行偏心受压试验,考虑相对偏心距、复合筋配筋率、CFRP筋张拉控制应力和普通钢筋配筋率4个变化参数对复合筋混凝土柱受力性能的影响。观察了试件的受力过程及破坏形态,获取了试件开裂荷载、极限承载力、荷载-侧向变形曲线等重要数据,分析了4个变化参数对CFRP-PCPs复合筋混凝土柱偏心受压作用下的开裂荷载和极限承载力的影响规律。研究结果表明:CFRP-PCPs复合筋混凝土偏压柱与普通钢筋混凝土偏压柱的受力过程及破坏形态相似,试件的开裂荷载和极限承载力均随相对偏心距的增大而降低;提高CFRP筋张拉控制应力、增大复合筋配筋率和普通钢筋配筋率均能有效提高CFRP-PCPs复合筋混凝土柱的开裂荷载和极限承载力。     

半干硬混凝土外方内圆偏心约束收缩试验

采用外方内圆偏心约束试验方法对半干硬高掺量橡胶集料混凝土及未掺橡胶的半干硬普通混凝土进行约束收缩试验,并用静态电阻应变仪采集钢环内表面0°区、90°区、180°区在120 h内的环向应变值.试验结果表明:6组外方内圆偏心试件开裂截面均处在试件最窄处(0°区);半干硬橡胶混凝土早期收缩量及收缩率小于半干硬普通混凝土;半干硬橡胶混凝土试件开裂时间晚于半干硬普通混凝土,其前者裂缝宽度小于后者;所测应变值也首次验证了:0°区>90°区>180°区这一规律.计算0°区/90°区和0°区/180°区应变相对值,发现这两个值随时间变化趋于稳定.这表明,用静态线弹性有限元模拟外方内圆偏心约束收缩试验有其合理性.     

钢筋直径对混凝土试件早期应力应变影响的试验研究

使用混凝土温度应力试验方法,利用华南地区某码头工程胸墙混凝土结构施工阶段温度发展历程作为养护条件,在100%约束度条件下进行素混凝土及配筋直径为12 mm、16 mm、20 mm、25 mm单根配筋混凝土试件的温度应力试验,测试各混凝土试件的应力及应变发展过程,探究在高约束度下配筋直径对混凝土试件温度应力、应变的影响,为配筋混凝土结构早期温度与收缩裂缝的控制提供试验参考。     

养护环境及置换率对再生混凝土干燥收缩裂缝的影响

试验以不同环境、不同再生粗骨料置换率为变量对C30再生混凝土抵抗干燥收缩裂缝性能进行了基础性试验研究,并与普通混凝土试件进行对比.试验结果表明,在相对湿度(RH60％)相同条件下,再生混凝土与普通混凝土随着干燥环境温度的提高,自由干燥收缩长度变化率逐渐加大;在相同干燥温度条件下,随着再生粗骨料置换率的增加,混凝土自由干燥收缩率也会加大;在环境相对湿度(RH60％)相同条件下,混凝土的干燥温度越高,早期干燥收缩裂缝产生的龄期就越早;在混凝土干燥温度相同条件下,再生粗骨料置换率越大,早期干燥收缩裂缝产生的龄期就越早,再生粗骨料的置换率对再生混凝土极限抗拉强度的影响有限.     

超高性能混凝土钢桥面铺装层收缩约束应力分析EI北大核心CSCD

通过建立的收缩约束应力计算方法和设计的收缩约束试验评估了超高性能混凝土(UHPC)钢桥面铺装结构的收缩约束应力发展行为。结果表明:钢桥面对UHPC收缩约束作用占据主导,约束度可达0.41,配筋率对UHPC收缩约束作用呈指数增长趋势;UHPC收缩约束应力水平与约束度基本呈线性相关,但UHPC收缩约束应力水平增长幅度随着配筋率的提升逐渐降低;用于钢桥面铺装的UHPC材料收缩变形宜控制在300×10-6以内,且具备应变硬化特性;密配筋(≥3%)会显著增加结构开裂风险,但也可以有效提高等效结构刚度。     

不同水胶比高性能混凝土内部自干燥与干湿循环影响试验

混凝土内部相对湿度是影响混凝土性能状态的重要因素.为研究不同水胶比、不同粉煤灰(FA)掺量对高性能混凝土自干燥效应的影响以及干湿循环过程中混凝土内部相对湿度(IRH)变化规律,首先对4种不同配合比的混凝土试件采用双层锡箔纸密封包裹处理,并对其自干燥现象持续70 d监测,然后对不掺粉煤灰0.3水胶比的混凝土试件进行不同时段的浸水和自然干燥多次循环试验,模拟混凝土在干湿循环历程中其IRH变化规律.试验表明:在密封状态下,高性能混凝土内部相对湿度变化存在两个时期,即湿度饱和期(相对湿度100％)和湿度下降期;相同水胶比下,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,混凝土的湿度饱和期增长,自干燥作用较缓慢,掺量35％FA的混凝土尤为明显;0.4水胶比掺35％FA的混凝土试件内部相对湿度基本无变化,几乎不存在自干燥现象.在干湿循环过程中,湿度上升(浸水)的速率明显大于湿度下降(干燥)的速率,随干燥时间增长,其内部相对湿度下降的速率逐渐变慢;随着干湿循环次数的增加,混凝土内部相对湿度变化速率逐渐减小.     

圆环法研究再生微粉混凝土收缩性能

采用圆环试验方法研究了再生微粉掺合料对混凝土收缩开裂趋势的影响,并测定了再生微粉混凝土早期干燥收缩性能。试验结果表明,圆环试验能给混凝土提供了完全的、均匀的约束,能合理评价混凝土抵抗自收缩和干燥收缩综合作用开裂的能力。再生微粉掺合料能明显降低混凝土收缩开裂趋势及干燥收缩性能;且微粉细度越大,再生微粉混凝土抗收缩抗裂性能越好。试验结合SEM试验结果,分析了再生微粉掺合料减小水泥基材料收缩开裂趋势的原因。     

不同取代率和配筋率对RAC梁受弯性能影响试验研究

为了研究RAC梁在不同取代率和不同配筋率下其正截面受弯破坏形态和受弯性能,采用再生骨料取代率为0％、30％、60％和100％共4种,配筋率为0.433％、1.76％和2.62％共3种,在不同工况下设计并制作了6根RAC梁,试验采用四分点加载方案,对不同取代率和配筋率下正截面受弯RAC梁的开裂荷载、屈服荷载、极限荷载、挠度以及跨中截面应变等进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:RAC梁与普通混凝土梁破坏形态基本相同,均经历弹性、带裂缝工作以及破坏三个阶段;RAC受弯梁正截面符合平截面假定;不同取代率下RAC梁开裂荷载非常接近,但屈服和极限荷载受再生骨料取代率的影响比较明显,其中普通混凝土梁屈服和极限荷载最大,而后随取代率的增加而随之增大;配筋率越大,受弯承载力越大,且开裂荷载随配筋率的增加而略有增加,屈服和极限荷载增幅较大;变形随配筋率的增加而变化幅度相对较低.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。