不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土耐久性试验研究

为探索不同冻融介质下再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融耐久性,分别以清水和3.5wt％ NaCl溶液为冻融介质,分析比较了不同冻融环境下再生骨料透水混凝土质量损失、动弹性模量、剩余抗压强度、CT扫描断面平均孔隙率随冻融循环次数的变化规律.试验结果表明,不同冻融介质作用下,再生骨料透水混凝土的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、平均抗压强度与CT扫描断面平均孔隙率的劣化程度均随冻融循环次数增加而逐渐增大,氯盐环境下更易引起再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融破坏;再生骨料透水混凝土相对剩余抗压强度与相对动弹性模量之间具有良好的相关性,可通过测量冻融后再生骨料透水混凝土相对动弹性模量来评估其剩余抗压强度;最后基于两参数Weibull概率分布函数建立了再生骨料透水混凝土冻融损伤演化方程,可用于表征不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土试件的冻融损伤破坏程度.     

玄武岩纤维再生混凝土抗冻性能及损伤劣化模型

为了研究纤维再生混凝土的抗冻性能,提高寒区再生混凝土结构服役寿命,试验采用等体积再生骨料替代石子制备了5组不同玄武岩纤维掺量的再生混凝土,分别从质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度等方面探讨纤维再生混凝土抗冻性能损伤劣化规律。研究结果表明:冻融初期,再生混凝土质量损失率呈现负增长现象,相对动弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度曲线随冻融循环次数的增加呈下降趋势;玄武岩纤维加入能够减缓再生混凝土冻融破坏,掺量为1.2 kg·m~(-3)时再生混凝土的抗冻性能最优;纤维加入对冻融作用下再生混凝土抗拉强度的作用效果优于抗压强度。建立了基于相对动弹性模量和强度为损伤变量的线性及多项式损伤劣化模型,模型可以准确预测纤维再生混凝土冻融损伤劣化程度。     

冻融与硫酸盐侵蚀耦合作用下再生混凝土劣化规律

采用快冻法,对再生骨料取代率为30％的混凝土分别在3％Na2SO4,5％Na2SO4,10％Na2SO4(质量分数)溶液以及水中的冻融情况进行试验,试验过程中测试了再生混凝土质量变化、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度损失及损伤层厚度,分析了再生混凝土在冻融与Na2SO4溶液耦合作用下的损伤机理,建立了再生混凝土的冻融损伤模型,利用模型预测了再生混凝土的抗冻寿命.结果表明:再生混凝土在5％Na2SO4溶液中冻融损伤最严重;再生混凝土在10％Na2SO4溶液中的冻融损伤大于在3％Na2SO4溶液和水中的冻融损伤;再生混凝土的相对动弹性模量变化和损伤层厚度的变化相关,可以利用相对动弹性模量表示再生混凝土的内部损伤;曲线模型可以较好表征再生混凝土在硫酸盐环境下的冻融损伤,在5％Na2SO4溶液中,再生混凝土的抗冻寿命最差.     

再生混凝土冻融损伤可靠性分析

针对再生骨料混凝土受冻融损伤的问题,选取再生粗、细骨料双掺成型再生混凝土,采用快速冻融方法研究其质量损失与相对动弹性模量变化的规律,基于Weibull概率方法以质量损失和相对动弹性模量为指标建立损伤模型进行冻融可靠度分析.结果 表明,在冻融循环下质量损失逐渐增大,相对动弹性模量逐渐变小;Weibull概率分布可有效地描述再生混凝土试件抗冻性能退化规律,可靠度指标中,质量损失较动弹性模量更敏感,基于试验数据,运用该方法建立的可靠度函数能够直观反映试件可靠性与冻融循环之间的关系,并反映试件的剩余寿命.     

氯盐冻融耦合作用下再生混凝土损伤劣化规律

为了研究严寒盐渍环境中再生混凝土的损伤劣化规律,制备了再生粗骨料质量替代率为0％、50％、100％的再生混凝土进行氯盐冻融耦合作用下的试验研究,从外观形貌、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度等方面探讨混凝土损伤劣化规律.结果表明,氯盐冻融对再生骨料混凝土的破坏随再生骨料替代率的增加而增大.与冻融循环0次相比,冻融循环...     

寒冷地区浮石混合骨料混凝土抗冻性试验研究

研究浮石替代碎石0％、30％、70％、100％和掺入0.9 kg/m3聚丙烯纤维对混合骨料混凝土抗冻性能的影响.结果表明:随浮石替代率的增加,混凝土质量损失率和强度损失率逐渐减小,相对动弹性模量逐渐增加;随冻融循环次数的增加,混凝土质量损失率、强度损失率以及相对动弹性模量逐渐增加;聚丙烯纤维的掺入能够降低混合骨料混凝土的强度损失率,提高相对动弹性模量,但对质量损失改善作用不是太明显.     

再生粗骨料附着砂浆含量对再生混凝土抗冻耐久性的影响

选取五种不同附着砂浆含量的商用再生粗骨料在全取代天然粗骨料条件下制备C40再生混凝土,探讨了30%极限拉应力水平下,再生粗骨料附着砂浆含量对再生混凝土抗冻耐久性的影响规律,通过数学拟合确定了基于相对动弹性模量和抗冻耐久性指数要求的砂浆界限含量。结果表明:冻融循环后,再生混凝土抗压强度损失率与附着砂浆含量存在较强线性关系;再生混凝土质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗冻耐久性指数均与再生粗骨料附着砂浆含量呈二次函数关系;以冻融循环300次后再生混凝土相对动弹性模量降至60%为限值,获得对应的砂浆界限含量为49.52%(质量分数);以不同设计使用年限及不同冻融工况所规定的抗冻耐久性指数作为界定条件,得到了再生混凝土在拉应力条件下满足相应抗冻耐久性指数的砂浆界限含量。最后,通过搜集文献数据验证了本研究结果的合理性。     

应力损伤轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能

通过反复加载对浮石轻骨料混凝土预制初始应力损伤,采用"快冻法",以相对动弹性模量和质量损失率为评价指标,研究损伤度分别为0、0.05、0.12、0.19、0.27的轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能。借助扫描电子显微镜分析冻融后应力损伤轻骨料混凝土的微结构特征,探讨初始应力损伤对轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能的影响机理。最后,通过对轻骨料混凝土冻融损伤演化过程的分析,以Loland混凝土损伤模型为基础建立包含初始应力损伤和冻融损伤的轻骨料混凝土力学损伤演化方程。结果表明:初始应力损伤的存在会加速轻骨料混凝土冻融损伤的发展,且初始应力损伤越大,冻融损伤越严重;力学损伤演化方程拟合值和试验值吻合良好,可为灾变后轻骨料混凝土的抗冻融性能预测及维护加固提供理论依据。     

再生粗骨料混凝土抗冻性能研究进展

将再生粗骨料应用于混凝土制备可有效减少原材料生产对生态环境的破坏,还可实现建筑废弃物的再生利用。但由于存在老旧砂浆包裹、原始缺陷较多等问题,再生粗骨料混凝土吸水率较高且薄弱界面较多,抗冻性能较差,对寒冷环境下的混凝土结构产生了极为不利的影响。本文综合分析国内外对再生粗骨料混凝土抗冻性能的研究现状,发现复杂脆弱的界面过渡区是再生粗骨料混凝土承受冻害时的薄弱环节,微裂缝和孔隙的发育使其在冻融循环过程中的性能不断降低。再生混凝土的抗冻性能随着再生粗骨料掺量的增加而加速劣化,再生粗骨料质量掺量应控制在50%以内。质量损失、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度是评价再生混凝土冻融损伤水平的常用指标,质量损失在试验初期会出现负增长情况,相对动弹性模量在有限冻融循环次数下的反应较不敏感,相比之下抗压强度能更好地体现再生粗骨料混凝土的冻融损伤水平。未来,还应对再生混凝土冻融损伤机理进行更加系统深入的研究,探究效果良好的非破坏性试验指标,以及在标准冻融试验的基础上结合特定工程环境对再生混凝土抗冻性能进行具体评价,推动再生粗骨料混凝土更加广泛的应用。     

冻融条件下再生自密实混凝土力学性能试验研究

通过对冻融环境下的再生自密实混凝土进行抗压、劈拉以及动弹性模量试验,以期得到在不同冻融循环次数作用下再生自密实混凝土抗压以及劈拉强度的变化规律.通过试验得到以下结论:再生自密实混凝土的抗冻性能明显低于普通混凝土;再生自密实混凝土的力学强度随冻融循环次数的增加产生大幅的降低;结合微观结构试验,分析冻融环境下再生自密实混凝土与普通混凝土的动弹性模量损失率的发展趋势;根据混凝土的试验结果建立了准确度较高的再生自密实混凝土冻融损伤计算公式.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.