碳纤维增强Si-C-N陶瓷基复合材料的氧化行为

采用化学气相浸渗(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)法制备了以热解碳为界面的碳纤维增强碳氮化硅陶瓷基(carbon fiber reinforced siliconcarbonitride ceramic,C/Si-C-N)复合材料.用热重法研究了无涂层C/Si-C-N在空气环境中的氧化行为.研究表明:由950℃ CVI沉积的Si-C-N基体所制备的C/Si-C-N复合材料的氧化行为与碳纤维增强SiC陶瓷基(carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide ceramic,C/SiC)复合材料的完全不同.在600～1 200℃,C/Si-C-N的氧化速率随温度的升高而持续增加,其抗氧化能力在600℃明显高于C/SiC复合材料;在900℃,抗氧化能力与C/SiC复合材料基本相当;在1 200℃,抗氧化能力则低于C/SiC复合材料.C/Si-C-N复合材料所表现出来的氧化行为主要与Si-C-N基体较低的热膨胀系数有关.     

热处理工艺对Mini C/SiC复合材料拉伸性能和强度分布的影响

采用5种工艺制备了C纤维束增韧SiC陶瓷基复合材料(Mini C/SiC),研究了热处理工艺对不同制备工艺条件下Mini C/SiC复合材料拉伸性能和强度分布的影响。实验结果表明:在不进行热处理的Mini C/SiC复合材料中引入热解炭(PyC)界面相可提高拉伸性能和强度稳定性。与不进行热处理的MiniC/SiC复合材料相比,对引入PyC界面相复合材料的C纤维束和/或PyC界面相进行热处理均可提高拉伸性能。热处理温度小于等于1700℃时,先对C纤维进行热处理然后再沉积PyC界面相的MiniC/SiC复合材料,其拉伸性能最好。热处理温度为2 000℃时,先对C纤维沉积PyC界面相然后再进行热处理的Mini C/SiC复合材料,其拉伸性能最好。热处理温度对Mini C/SiC复合材料变形行为有着显著的影响,热处理温度不同时,复合材料表现出了不同的变形行为。     

纤维编织结构对碳纤维增强碳化硅复合材料热膨胀和热扩散系数的影响

分别采用热膨胀仪和激光脉冲热导仪测量了2维、2.5维和3维纤维编织结构的碳纤维增强碳化硅(carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide,C/SiC)复合材料从室温到1 400℃温度范围内纵向和横向热膨胀系数,以及厚度方向的热扩散系数.用扫描电镜、光学显微镜观察了样品的微结构.结果表明:低温段(700℃以下),3种C/SiC的纵向和横向热膨胀系数均随温度的升高而缓慢增大,并在700℃之后出现不同程度的波动;高温段(700℃以上),它们的纵向热膨胀系数和2维C/SiC的横向热膨胀系数随温度的升高而减小,而2.5维和3维C/SiC的横向热膨胀系数则随着温度的升高而迅速增大.三者厚度方向的热扩散系数均随温度的升高而减小,3维C/SiC的热扩散系数最大,分别是2.5维C/SiC和2维C/SiC的1～1.2和1.4～2倍.     

石墨/聚酰亚胺复合材料的热性能研究

以石墨填充聚酰亚胺(PI)复合材料为研究对象,考察了温度和石墨用量对石墨/PI复合材料的比热容、热导率和热扩散系数的影响。实验表明,升温速率、载气N2流速和样品质量是影响PI复合材料比热容的主要因素;PI复合材料的比热容随石墨用量的增加而降低,PI复合材料的热导率和热扩散系数都随石墨用量的增加而增大;随着温度的升高,PI复合材料与无机复合材料的比热容和热导率变化规律相同;而PI复合材料与无机复合材料的热扩散率变化规律却不同。     

基于数学建模的石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料的热膨胀特性研究

采用有限元软件建立了石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料的微观代表性体积单元数学模型,研究了石墨烯含量、石墨烯片数和石墨烯分布状态对复合材料热膨胀特性的影响。结果表明,随着石墨烯片数量的增加,石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料的热膨胀系数呈现逐渐减小的特征;在石墨烯呈恒定方向分布时的热膨胀系数要大于相同石墨烯含量、石墨烯随机分布的复合材料。无石墨烯和添加1%～5%石墨烯的复合材料的热膨胀率都随着温度的升高而呈线性增加的趋势;在相同的温度载荷下,添加石墨烯的复合材料的热膨胀率都要小于环氧树脂,且在石墨烯含量为1%～5%时,复合材料的热膨胀率会随着石墨烯含量增加而逐渐减小。     

反应熔体浸渗法制备C/SiC复合材料的显微结构与摩擦性能

C/SiC复合材料由于密度小、耐磨性好、耐高温等一系列优异性能,极有希望成为新一代的先进摩擦材料.反应熔体浸渗法由于工艺简单、成本低等优点最适合制造摩擦用C/SiC复合材料.本文采用反应熔体浸渗法制备C/SiC复合材料,进行显微结构和X射线衍射分析,测试试样的开气孔率、热扩散率及摩擦性能.结果表明材料致密度高,开气孔率为3.1～4.4%,热扩散率为0.089cm2/s.RMI工艺过程中有微小孔洞及裂纹产生.摩擦性能在后几次刹车实验时不稳定,还有待进一步提高.     

C/C坯体对C/SiC复合材料组织结构和导热性能的影响

以无涂层、C+SiC复合涂层处理的炭布/网胎预制体,分别经过化学气相渗透、树脂浸渍/炭化制备了3种C/C坯体,熔融渗硅后获得不同的C/SiC复合材料,对其组织结构和导热性能进行了研究。结果表明:热解炭坯体的C/SiC复合材料存在集中分布的Si,混合基体炭的C/SiC中可见较多微裂纹,C+SiC涂层的材料中残留Si含量少,基体组织均匀;热解炭坯体的C/SiC复合材料热扩散率和导热系数最大;混合基体炭的坯体,纤维经过C+SiC涂层,可明显提高材料的热扩散率和导热系数,且随温度的升高,导热系数的下降速率增大。     

低温烧结玻璃/陶瓷复合材料的微结构及性能

借助钙长石陶瓷和硼酸盐玻璃良好的介电和热膨胀性能,制备了一系列玻璃/陶瓷复合材料,并对这些复合材料进行了X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观察和性能测试.结果表明:复合材料的介电常数、热膨胀系数和显微硬度随着陶瓷含量的增加而增加,其介电损耗则随陶瓷含量的增加而减小.陶瓷含量(质量分数≥60%)高的复合材料在高于850℃烧结时析出一定量的α-石英和方石英,这增加了材料的热膨胀系数,但对其介电常数影响不大.所制备的复合材料具有高的相对密度(≥96.5%)、低的介电常数(5～6)、低的介电损耗(0.10%～0.42%)、低的热膨胀系数(4.6×10-6～6.5×10-6/℃)和低的烧结温度(≤900℃),有望用作介电材料和基板材料.     

压电陶瓷/NBR复合材料压电与吸声性能研究

以NBR为基体材料,以压电陶瓷为功能相制备压电橡胶复合材料,并对其压电与吸声性能进行研究.结果表明,复合材料的压电常数(d33)随压电陶瓷用量的增大而增大,当压电陶瓷用量为5210份时,d33达到3.1×10-11C·N-1,并随着极化时间的延长而增大,随着极化温度的升高先增大后减小,且最佳极化时间为25min,最佳极化温度为80℃.压电橡胶复合材料的吸声因数在2～3 kHz的频率内随着复合材料压电常数的增大而增大,碳纤维的加入使复合材料内部形成了一定的导电网络,提高了复合材料的吸声因数.     

裂解碳包覆对SiC纳米纤维增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料性能的影响

以SiC纳米纤维(SiC_nf)为增强体,通过化学气相沉积在SiC纳米纤维表面沉积裂解碳(PyC)包覆层,并与SiC粉体、Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃烧结助剂共混制备陶瓷素坯,采用热压烧结工艺制备质量分数为10%的SiC纳米纤维增强SiC陶瓷基(SiC_nf/SiC)复合材料。研究了PyC包覆层沉积时间对SiC_nf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的致密度、断裂面微观形貌和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在1 100 ℃下沉积60 min制备的PyC包覆层厚度为10 nm,且为结晶度较好的层状石墨结构;相比于纤维表面无包覆层的复合材料,复合材料的断裂韧性提高了35%,达到最大值(19.35±1.17) MPa·m^1/2,抗弯强度为(375.5±8.5) MPa,致密度为96.68%。复合材料的断裂截面可见部分纳米纤维拔出现象,但SiC_nf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料界面结合仍较强,纳米纤维拔出短,表现为脆性断裂。     

PPS/玻纤/MgO导热绝缘塑料的性能研究

通过双螺杆挤出机将聚苯硫醚与氧化镁(40～325目)混合挤出,同时添加玻璃纤维挤出造粒制备了玻纤增强导热绝缘塑料.研究了导热性能与氧化镁填充量的关系.研究发现热扩散系数和导热率随氧化镁的填充量的增加而增加.玻纤替代部分氧化镁后,导热性能有所降低,但拉伸强度和冲击强度等机械性能得到提升.偶联剂KH-560用量在氧化镁最的0.5%时可提高材料的导热率和拉伸强度.     

Sintering and Properties of Monazite-Type CePO4

Monazite-type CePO₄ powder (average grain size 0.3 μm) was dry-pressed to disks or bars. The green compacts began to sinter above 950°C. Relative density ≧ 99% and apparent porosity <1% were achieved when the specimens were sintered at 1500°C for 1 h in air. The linear thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the CePO₄ ceramics were 9 × 10⁻⁶/°C to 11 × 10⁻⁶/°C (200° to 1300°C) and 1.81 W/(m · K) (500°C), respectively. Bending strength of the ceramics (average grain size 4 μm) was 174 ± 28 MPa (room temperature). The CePO₄ ceramics were cracked or decomposed by acidic or alkaline aqueous solutions at high temperatures.     

Preparation of BaTi4O9 from Oxalates

A barium titanate precursor with a barium:titanium ratio of 1:4 was prepared by controlled coprecipitation of mixed barium and titanium species with an ammonium oxalate aqueous solution at pH 7. The results of thermal analysis and IR measurement show that the obtained precursor is a mixture of BaC₂O₄·0.5H₂O and TiO(OH)₂·1.5H₂O in a molar ratio of 1:4. Crystallized BaTi₄O₉ was obtained by the thermal decomposition of a precipitate precursor at 1300°C for 2 h in air. The dimensions of the powder calcined at 1000°C are between 100 and 300 nm. The grain dimensions of the sintered sample for 2 h at 1300°C are of the order of 10 to 30 μm. Dielectric properties of disk-shaped sintered specimens in the microwave frequency region were measured using the TE₀₁₁ mode. Excellent microwave characteristics for BaTi₄O₉—ɛ= 38 ± 0.5, Q = 3800–4000 at 6–7 GHz and τ _f = 11 ± 0.7 ppm/°C—were found.     

Negative thermal expansion of (Al1/3Fe1/3Cr1/3)2(Mo1/2W1/2)3O12 (AFCMW) and low thermal expansion of AFCMW-(Co1/2Ni1/2)(Mo1/2W1/2)O4 with high entropy

A₂Mo₃O₁₂ (A-Al, Fe, Cr) have large negative thermal expansion (NTE) coefficients and structural stability but high phase-transition temperatures (PTTs). Herein, we prepared (Al_1/3Fe_1/3Cr_1/3)₂(Mo_1/2W_1/2)₃O₁₂ (AFCMW), and found it to have a low NTE coefficient and a low PTT. Furthermore, combination of AFCMW with (Co_1/2Ni_1/2)(Mo_1/2W_1/2)O₄ (CNMW) afforded an AFCMW–CNMW composite with a low thermal expansion (LTE). We determined that the PTT reductions in A₂Mo₃O₁₂ are largely due to the high-entropy effect resulting from the introduction of different ions into its A and M sites. Moreover, we found that the low LTE of the AFCMW–CNMW composite is attributable to the opposite thermal expansion behaviours of AFCMW and CNMW. We suggest that the suppressed thermal expansion during the phase transition process of the AFCMW–CNMW composite could be derived from the high-entropy effect resulting from its increased diversity of polyhedra, the influence of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ dopants, and CNMW-induced lattice distortion.     

EP/GNs/MWCNTs复合材料的导热性能

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和石墨烯纳米微片(GNs)为导热填料,环氧树脂(EP)为基体采用溶剂和超声分散法,制备了EP/GNs/MWCNTs导热复合材料,并与EP/MWCNTs及EP/GNs复合材料的导热性能进行了对比。采用透射电子显微镜观察其微观结构,采用Hot Disk热导率测试仪测试其导热性能,采用差示扫描量热法和热重分析仪测试其耐热性及热稳定性。结果表明,MWCNTs和GNs共同作为EP导热填料时,相比于单组分填料(MWCNTs或GNs)更易形成导热网络;EP的热导率、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和热分解温度均随着MWCNTs或GNs含量的增加而提高,其中,GNs更有利于提高EP的热导率和热分解温度,MWCNTs更有利于提高EP的Tg。在相同的导热填料含量下,相对于其中的任一单一填料,MWCNTs/GNs共同作用时,对热导率的提高有更显著的效果,且随着其中GNs比例的增加,热导率逐渐增大。当GNs和MWCNTs的体积分数分别为0.6%和0.4%时,EP/GNs/MWCNTs复合材料的热导率、Tg和起始分解温度分别为0.565 W/(m·K),152℃和316℃,分别比纯EP提高了132.5%,34.5%和8.2%。     

超支化液晶/Al_2O_3/环氧树脂复合材料电性能研究

采用机械共混及模压成型工艺将Al2O3粉体,含H20哑铃状液晶化合物(HLCP)与环氧树脂(E-51)共混制备了HLCP/EP/Al2O3复合材料。研究了Al2O3含量对材料热稳定性、导电性能、导热性能及热膨胀的影响。结果表明:材料的导热系数、介电常数及热稳定性随Al2O3含量的增加而增大,当Al2O3粉体质量分数达到70%时,材料导热系数是纯环氧树脂的1.7倍;介电损耗、线膨胀系数随Al2O3含量的增加而减小,当Al2O3粉体质量分数为60%时,介电常数为3.71。同时,由于HLCP网格的存在,降低了材料的内耗,提高了复合材料的玻璃化转变温度,增强了电性能。     

Thermal shock and thermal fatigue resistance of Al2O3/(W,Ti)C/TiN/Mo/Ni multidimensional graded ceramics

Al₂O₃/(W, Ti)C/TiN/Mo/Ni multidimensional graded ceramics and homogeneous reference ceramic were prepared by two step hot press sintering. The thermal shock and thermal fatigue resistance of the multidimensional graded ceramics were tested using the water quenching method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope were used to investigate microscopic failure mechanism of ceramics. The results showed that the retained flexural strength of two-dimensional and one-dimensional graded ceramics was almost same, but higher than that of the homogeneous ceramic. The crack growth (∆c) of homogeneous ceramic increased rapidly, while that of two-dimensional graded ceramics is the lowest. Hence, thermal fatigue resistance of the two-dimensional graded ceramics was highest. The residual compressive stress in the first layer induced by the optimal graded structure played an important role. In addition, the increasing toughness on the crack propagation path by adding different amounts of metals was also a contributing factor.     

High-Temperature Phase Relations in the System Y2O3-Ta2O5

The phase relations for the system y₂o₃–Ta₂o₅ in the composition range 50 to 100 mol% Y₂O₃ have been studied by solid-state reactions at 1350°, 1500°, or 17000C and by thermal analyses up to the melting temperatures. Weberite-type orthorhombic phases (W2 phase, space group C222₁), fluorite-type cubic phases (F phase, space group Fm3m )and another orthorhombic phase (O phase, space group Cmmm )are found in the system. The W2 phase forms in 75 mol% Y₂O₃ under 17000C and O phase in 70 mol% Y₂O₃ up to 1700°C These phases seem to melt incongruently. The F phase forms in about 80 mol% Y₂O₃ and melts congruently at 2454° 3°C. Two eutectic points seem to exist at about 2220°C 90 mol% Y²O₃, and at about 1990°C, 62 mol% Y₂O₃. A Phase diagram including the above three phases were not identified with each other.     

Microstructure Tailoring for High Thermal Conductivity of β-Si3N4 Ceramics

β-Si₃N₄ ceramics sintered with Yb₂O₃ and ZrO₂ were fabricated by gas-pressure sintering at 1950°C for 16 h changing the ratio of "fine" and "coarse" high-purity β-Si₃N₄ raw powders, and their microstructures were quantitatively evaluated. It was found that the amount of large grains (greater than a few tens of micrometers) could be drastically reduced by mixing a small amount of "coarse" powder with a "fine" one, while maintaining high thermal conductivity (>140 W·(m·K)⁻¹). Thus, this work demonstrates that it is possible for β-Si₃N₄ ceramics to achieve high thermal conductivity and high strength simultaneously by optimizing the particle size distribution of raw powder.     

炭/炭复合材料的热物理性能

综述了炭／炭复合材料的热物理性能及其影响因素。炭／炭复合材料热导率的大小由炭纤维的类型、取向、体积分数以及基体的结构类型决定，热处理工艺也对它有很大的影响。炭／炭复合材料的热导率随温度升高一般先升高后降低。炭／炭复合材料在低温时具有负热膨胀系数，影响其这一性能的因素除了坯体结构和基体