改性橡胶混凝土的力学性能和抗冻融性能研究

在橡胶混凝土中复掺聚丙烯纤维和粉煤灰,研究其掺量对橡胶混凝土力学性能和抗冻融性能的影响。结果表明：橡胶混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度均随聚丙烯纤维掺量的增大先增大后减小,随粉煤灰掺量的增大而呈减小的趋势;在整个冻融循环进程中,复掺聚丙烯纤维和粉煤灰橡胶混凝土的相对动弹性模量降幅小于素橡胶混凝土,抗冻融损伤能力提高;在本试验聚丙烯纤维和粉煤灰掺量范围内,聚丙烯纤维掺量为10 kg·m^-3、粉煤灰掺量(以替代水泥的质量百分比计)为14%～16%时,橡胶混凝土的综合性能最优。     

冻融作用后塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土力学性能试验研究

以圆球形粉煤灰陶粒为粗骨料,对塑钢纤维(0kg/m3、3kg/m3、6kg/m3、9kg/m3)轻骨料混凝土试件进行快速冻融(0次、50次、100次、150次)试验,研究冻融后试件的抗压性能、劈裂抗拉性能、抗折性能、抗冲击性能.结果表明:冻融循环作用下,适量的塑钢纤维掺入可以明显增强轻骨料混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度;提高轻骨料混凝土折压比,增强轻骨料混凝土抗裂性能;并能显著改善轻骨料混凝土的抗冲击性能.综合各项力学性能指标,冻融后轻骨料混凝土塑钢纤维最优掺量为6kg/m3.     

纤维再生混凝土的抗冻性能及孔结构研究

试验采用等体积砂浆法配制再生骨料取代率为15％,强度为C30的再生混凝土,分别掺体积分数为0％,0.5％,1％,1.5％的钢纤维及0.2 kg/m3,0.5 kg/m3,0.8 kg/m3的聚丙烯纤维,研究钢纤维及聚丙烯纤维掺量对再生混凝土抗冻性能的影响.结果表明,几组再生混凝土抗冻性能均良好,在冻融循环后期纤维再生混凝土的优势显现,掺0.2 kg/m3的聚丙烯纤维改善抗冻性能效果明显,其次是掺量为0.5 kg/m3的钢纤维再生混凝土,钢纤维掺量为1％和1.5％的再生混凝土抗冻性能稍好于不掺纤维及钢纤维掺量为0.5％的再生混凝土,掺0.8 kg/m3的聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土的抗冻效果最差.通过孔结构测试,表明再生混凝土抗冻性能与孔结构有密切联系.     

塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土力学性能及最佳纤维掺量试验研究

以不掺塑钢纤维的LC30轻骨料混凝土为基准,研究了塑钢纤维掺量变化(5 kg/m3、7 kg/m3、9 kg/m3、11 kg/m3、13 kg/m3)对轻骨料混凝土抗压、劈裂抗拉、抗折、弯曲韧性及抗冲击性能的影响,结果表明:塑钢纤维对轻骨料混凝土抗压性能改善效果不明显,但能显著提高轻骨料混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度、抗折强度、弯曲韧性及抗冲击性能.综合各项性能指标给出塑钢纤维用于结构轻骨料混凝土的建议掺量为9 kg/m3.     

玄武岩纤维风积沙混凝土力学性能研究

为研究玄武岩纤维对风积沙混凝土力学性能的影响,试验选定风积沙掺量20％,玄武岩纤维掺量为0.0 kg/m3、1.0 kg/m3、1.5 kg/m3、2.0 kg/m3、2.5 kg/m3的情况下配制混凝土.研究玄武岩纤维风积沙混凝土抗压、劈裂抗拉以及抗折强度的变化规律,最后通过电镜扫描(SEM)分析玄武岩纤维的作用机理.结果 表明:纤维掺量在1.5 kg/m3以内,随着玄武岩纤维掺量的增加,玄武岩纤维风积沙混凝土抗压、劈裂抗拉及抗折强度均增加,当掺量超过1.5 kg/m3时,混凝土抗压、劈裂抗拉以及抗折强度开始下降.玄武岩纤维在风积沙混凝土中最佳掺量为1.5 kg/m3.玄武岩纤维对风积沙混凝土28 d抗压强度的提高更为显著,最大提高17％.相对于抗压强度而言,玄武岩纤维对风积沙混凝土劈裂抗拉强度的影响更大,抗拉强度最大提高26％.对抗折强度的影响呈现出玄武岩纤维早期(7 d)发挥重要作用,最大提高38％.微观结果表明:玄武岩纤维可以传输荷载,让应力分布更加均匀,抑制裂缝生成、发展,改变裂缝的走向.适量玄武岩纤维掺入可以提高风积沙混凝土的力学性能.     

用于防排水预制构件的聚丙烯纤维混凝土性能试验研究

通过掺入聚丙烯纤维以提高用于公路边坡用混凝土预制构件的抗裂性能,研究了聚丙烯纤维掺量对混凝土工作性、抗压强度、抗冲击性、抗冻性等性能的影响.研究结果表明:聚丙烯纤维的掺入使得混凝土坍落度降低,但粘聚性及保水性增强.与普通混凝土相比,掺入聚丙烯纤维可提高混凝土的抗压强度及抗冲击性能.当掺量为1.5 kg/m3时,混凝土90 d抗压强度提高了21.1％,破坏冲击耗能比素混凝土增加了273.3％.随聚丙烯纤维掺量的增加,混凝土的抗冻性能也呈上升趋势,当纤维掺量为1.2 kg/m3时,强度损失率达到最低.     

橡胶混凝土抗冻性的对比研究

用3种粒径(16目、20目、40目),4种掺量(50 L/m3、75 L/m3、100 L/m3、125 L/m3)的橡胶粉设计了12种配合比的橡胶混凝土,对比分析了橡胶混凝土的抗冻性.试验结果表明:当冻融循环次数相同时,掺入橡胶粉的粒径越小,橡胶混凝土的质量损失率也越小,表面抗冻性越好,而且相对动弹模量也越大,抵抗内部损伤的能力也越强;随着橡胶粉掺量的逐渐增加,质量损失率先减小后增大,而相对动弹模量先增大后减小,掺量小于100 L/m3时,橡胶混凝土的质量损失率小于基准混凝土,而且相对动弹模量大于基准混凝土;当橡胶粉的掺量小于100 L/m3时,可以提高混凝土的抗冻性.由此可见,从提高抗冻性的角度出发,橡胶混凝土应选用40目橡胶粉,掺量应小于100 L/m3.     

早期负温养护环境下橡胶混凝土强度发展及抗氯离子渗透性能研究

为研究橡胶颗粒粒径、掺量以及防冻剂对负温下橡胶混凝土性能的影响,将40目和80目两种粒径的橡胶粉,按直接添加的方式制备橡胶掺量为0 kg/m3、10 kg/m3、20 kg/m3、30 kg/m3的橡胶混凝土,进行抗压强度试验分析混凝土早期受冻后强度的变化,并进行抗氯离子渗透(RCM)试验,分析早期受冻对橡胶混凝土氯离子渗透性能的影响,结合SEM图对强度变化及氯离子渗透机理做深入的分析.结果显示,在相同预养时间和早期受冻环境的件下,橡胶混凝土抗压强度均低于普通混凝土,但掺加防冻剂后,橡胶粉掺量越多、预养时间越短,抗冻性能越优;早期受冻后,橡胶混凝土氯离子渗透系数较普通混凝土增长幅度小,掺量为30 kg/m3的40目、80目橡胶混凝土氯离子渗透系数是标准养护条件下的1.14倍、1.07倍,相比下80目橡胶混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能更优.     

聚丙烯纤维对混凝土力学性能影响的研究

为克服普通混凝土脆性大、易开裂的缺点,探讨了聚丙烯纤维的掺量对混凝土力学性能的影响及其机理,在混凝土拌制过程中,将长度为18 mm的聚丙烯纤维分别以0 kg/m3、0.3 kg/m3 、0.6 kg/m3、0.9 kg/m3 、1.2 kg/m3、1.5 kg/m3、1.8 kg/m3、2.1 kg/m3、2.4 kg/m3和2.7 kg/m3的掺量掺入.共配置10组试块,进行无侧限抗压强度、抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度试验.试验结果表明:无侧限抗压强度、抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度都随着纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小;当纤维掺量为0.6 kg/m3时,纤维的加筋作用得到最大的发挥,抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度均达到最大值;当纤维掺量为0.9 kg/m3时,无侧限抗压强度达到最大值.此外,在混凝土中石子和砂的作用下,纤维的形状发生改变,增加了纤维的粗糙度,加强界面之间的力学作用.     

聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土力学性能及早期开裂试验研究

试验研究了将8 mm、12 mm的PVA纤维以不同的掺量(0.9 kg/m3、1.2 kg/m3、1.6 kg/m3即体积掺量为0.03％、0.05％、0.07％)掺入混凝土中,对混凝土的早期开裂现象及28 d的抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度产生的影响.结果表明:掺入PVA纤维会大幅度抑制混凝土早期裂缝的产生,其中掺入1.6 kg/m3的8 mm纤维时表现最佳,裂缝减少了89.6％.掺入PVA纤维使混凝土的抗压强度降低,并随着掺量的增加持续降低;抗折强度增大,于0.9 kg/m3时效果最佳,增大了41.9％,之后增幅反而下降;劈裂抗拉强度增大,于1.2 kg/m3时达最佳,增大32.2％,之后增幅下降.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。