压裂裂缝内支撑剂沉降及运移规律研究现状与展望

世界范围内非常规油气藏具有储藏面积大、储量巨大、开发潜力大的特点。当前对于开发非常规油气藏占有重要的增产改造的手段就是利用水力压裂对油气储层进行压裂改造。由于在水力压裂过程中,储层压裂改造的最终效果取决于由裂缝内支撑剂的沉降及运移规律影响着的支撑剂颗粒在压裂裂缝内的铺置情况。因此,研究压裂裂缝内支撑剂沉降及运移规律对未来增加非常规油气藏的产量枀具必要性。根据非常规油气藏水力压裂后裂缝中支撑剂的沉降和运移规律研究现状和发展历史,探讨了压裂裂缝中支撑剂沉降和运移规律的发展趋势。     

支撑剂的沉降规律研究

水力压裂是油气藏增产的一项重要技术,形成高导流能力的填砂裂缝是水力压裂成功的关键,支撑剂则是压裂施工的关键材料。支撑剂在裂缝中的沉降分布规律影响着压裂施工的好坏,因此研究和掌握支撑剂在裂缝中的沉降规律,对石油压裂工艺发展具有重要意义。本文主要采用可视化缝隙导流沉降装置进行支撑剂在裂缝中沉降模拟实验,对比分析砂堤形态及支撑剂沉降速度,从而达到优选支撑剂的目的。     

水力压裂支撑剂的研究进展

水力压裂工艺技术的核心是形成导流能力强的裂缝.支撑剂是水力压裂过程中能够进入被压开的裂缝并使其不再重新闭合的一种固体颗粒.它能够帮助裂缝处于开启状态,提供油气由地层到井筒的渗流通道,是水力压裂施工中的关键材料.本文概述了近年来国内外水力压裂用支撑剂的发展历程,几种常规支撑剂的类型及特点,重点对几类新型支撑剂进行了综述,最后,针对目前支撑剂技术面临的挑战提出了其今后发展趋势.     

压裂缝闭合预测模型构建

水力压裂技术作为一种有效的增产措施在非常规油气藏开发过程中应用普遍,而水力压裂后开发过程中压裂缝闭合是影响油气藏生产的主要问题之一。以岩石力学理论为基础,考虑支撑剂变形与支撑剂嵌入岩石两种闭合机理构建了压裂缝闭合预测模型,并应用该模型对支撑剂颗粒的大小、支撑剂弹性模量、裂缝宽度和岩石弹性模量对裂缝闭合的影响效果进行研究。结果表明:在其他前提不变时,支撑剂粒径的变化对裂缝闭合量影响不明显,而支撑剂弹性模量的影响则更明显,其弹性模量越大,裂缝闭合量越小;裂缝宽度越大,裂缝闭合量越大;岩石弹性模量增大,裂缝闭合量减小。     

支撑剂对低渗透油藏压裂影响分析

我国现有的油田中,低渗透储量占有很大的比例,各大油田都有大规模的低渗透层。但是这些资源开发利用的难度很大,其中水力压裂广泛用于低渗透油气藏,是油气井增产增注的一种有效措施。本文研究支撑剂性能的好坏对水力压裂的影响,对支撑剂的酸溶解度、密度及抗破碎能力、浊度等性质进行分析,分析其对低渗透油藏压裂的影响。     

水力压裂支撑剂应用现状与研究进展

水力压裂支撑剂是在储层压裂改造中用来支撑水力裂缝的一种关键材料,是压裂作业中必不可少的元素.在系统调研了国内外压裂支撑剂相关研究的基础上,简要介绍了传统支撑剂的应用现状和优缺点,重点对四种新型支撑剂进行了详细综述,发现新型支撑剂凭借其独特的物理化学性质可以有效提高裂缝导流能力和压裂改造效果,在油气田开发中表现出良好的应...     

水力压裂陶粒支撑剂的研究现状

水力压裂是指在油气井开采工程中,运用的一种高效的、环保的,可以提高油气产量的技术,其中支撑剂的选择尤为重要,是水力压裂工程中的关键一环。目前国内广泛用于水力压裂的支撑剂,多以低品位铝矾土制备,支撑剂主要包含莫来石相和刚玉相,较最初的以高品位铝矾土制备的陶粒支撑剂,成本上得以控制,但普遍存在着抗压强度低、密度大等缺点。高压电瓷由于在制备过程中,坯体极易产生变形、开裂,这部分电瓷常被当做废弃物处理,经过分析其铝硅含量,适于作为原料以代替低品位铝矾土来制备陶粒支撑剂。本文结合高压电瓷废料在陶粒支撑剂中的应用前景,阐述了水力压裂陶粒支撑剂的研究现状。     

压裂用支撑剂应用现状和研究进展

水力压裂是石油、天然气开采中应用较广的一门技术,支撑剂是压裂施工的一种关键材料.支撑剂由压裂液带入到地下裂缝中并直接影响着压裂效果.目前市面上使用的支撑剂主要是石英砂、陶粒、树脂覆膜支撑剂,随着支撑剂技术的日臻成熟,许多新的支撑剂也被研发出来.简要地总结了现在的支撑剂的优缺点,主要介绍了三种新型支撑剂,包括低密度支撑剂、表面改性支撑剂和液体支撑剂等,讨论了发展趋势,对压裂支撑剂研究和相关行业具有一定的指导意义..     

陶粒压裂支撑剂研究现状及新进展

压裂支撑剂是石油、天然气工业水力压裂过程中,随压裂液一起泵入到地层裂缝中起支撑裂缝、增大油气导流率的专用材料.陶粒压裂支撑剂与石英砂、树脂包砂相比具有破碎率低、耐腐蚀、导流能力好且性价比高的特点,已经被越来越多的油田所采用.目前陶粒支撑剂生产工艺已相当成熟,在压裂作业中取得了良好的效果,但也存在密度偏高、回流严重等问题.文章简要介绍了陶粒压裂支撑剂,总结了目前陶粒压裂支撑剂存在的问题和最近几年国内外陶粒压裂支撑剂的研究进展,重点介绍了标记型、核-壳结构型及选择性支撑剂等几种新型陶粒压裂支撑剂,最后探讨了陶粒压裂支撑剂发展前景及方向.     

深层低渗透油气藏水力压裂的效果评价及认识——以文南油田文135断块为例

深层低渗透油气藏是水力压裂的重点油气藏。本文以文南油田文135断块的水力压裂为例，论述了深层低渗透油气藏水力压裂的特点，对同类油气藏水力压裂措施的设计、施工和效果分析具有指导意义。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。