ZrO2含量对Al2O3/ZrO2复相陶瓷微观结构和力学性能的影响

本研究以耐磨结构陶瓷的应用为目标,研究了Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷中加入不同的ZrO2陶瓷材料对微观结构及其力学性能的影响,分析了ZrO2在复相陶瓷中所起的作用.结果表明:随ZrO2含量的增加,在相同烧结温度下,晶粒变小,材料的力学性能提高.当ZrO2加入量为55％时,复相材料的抗折强度503MPa,断裂韧性12.80 MPa·m1/2,密度4.88 g·cm-3,硬度(HV)为1432 kg ·mm-2.探讨了Al2O3/ZrO2复相陶瓷的增韧机理.     

ZrO2/Al2O3复相陶瓷的制备及性能研究

本文以工业用ZrO2和α-Al2O3微粉为原料,通过干压成型和常压烧结工艺制备ZrO2/Al2O3复相陶瓷.通过检测复相陶瓷的体积密度、显气孔率、常温抗折强度、烧后线变化率和热震稳定性,研究不同α-Al2O3微粉加入量及添加剂Y2O3对ZrO2/Al2O3复相陶瓷烧结性能、常温强度、热震稳定性及微观结构的影响,并通过SEM方法对烧后试样的微观结构进行表征.结果表明:系统配料中加入Al2O3会降低ZrO2/Al2O3复相陶瓷的致密度,常温强度随着Al2O3加入量增大而呈现先增大后减小趋势,然而热震稳定性有一定程度改善.Y2O3作为一种助烧剂可以促进ZrO2/Al2O3复相陶瓷结构内晶粒长大,加入Y2O3有利于增强复相陶瓷的烧结性.     

加入脱硅ZrO2微粉对MgO-Cr2O3材料性能的影响

为了提高MgO-Cr2O3材料的性能,以质量分数为60%的电熔镁铬砂、27%的南非铬矿粉、13%的烧结镁砂为基础配比,外加脱硅ZrO2微粉(其质量分数分别为1.5%、2%、2.5%和3%)制备了MgO-Cr2O3材料。研究引入ZrO2对MgO-Cr2O3材料体积密度、显气孔率、耐压强度、高温抗折强度和抗RH精炼渣侵蚀性的影响。结果表明:1)引入ZrO2显著提高了MgO-Cr2O3材料的体积密度、常温耐压强度和高温抗折强度。2)ZrO2与熔渣中的CaO发生反应,生成高熔点的化合物CaZrO3,堵塞气孔,阻止熔渣进一步渗透,提高了MgO-Cr2O3材料的抗渣性;同时反应吸收CaO,使熔渣的碱度降低,黏度增大,这也有利于提高镁铬砖的抗渣侵蚀性。综合考虑MgO-Cr2O3材料的各项性能,脱硅ZrO2微粉的最佳外加量为2.5%(w)。     

添加MgO对不同SiO2含量的ZrO2-Al2O3-SiO2陶瓷烧结的影响

以高纯石英砂、α-Al2O3、ZrO2为原料,MgO为添加剂(添加质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%),经研磨、造粒、成型,并在1 600℃烧结2 h后获得了SiO2含量(w)分别为4%、8%、12%的ZrO2-Al2O3-SiO2系陶瓷试样。采用XRD、SEM对试样进行物相和显微结构的分析。结果表明:1)所制备的ZrO2-Al2O3-SiO2陶瓷的主要物相是单斜氧化锆、莫来石和刚玉,随着SiO2含量(w)由4%增加到12%,SiO2与Al2O3反应生成的莫来石量增加,体积膨胀效应越发明显,导致烧结试样的致密度降低;2)添加MgO促进了ZrO2-Al2O3-SiO2陶瓷的烧结,在SiO2含量为4%(w)的陶瓷中加入1%(w)的MgO时,烧结试样的致密度最大,其相对密度达到90.49%,体积密度为3.90 g·cm-3。     

纳米ZrO2对Al2O3陶瓷性能的影响

以纳米ZrO2,微米Al2O3为原料,采用无压烧结方式制备了ZTA复相陶瓷.结果表明:纳米ZrO2的加入有利于制备细晶ZTA复相陶瓷.此外,nano-ZrO2的加入对Al2O3陶瓷的显微结构也产生影响,ZrO2颗粒以"晶内型"和晶界型2种形式存在.合理的配方组成及制备工艺有利于ZrO2以四方亚稳相存在.ZrO2质量分数为30%时,其四方相质量分数可达69%,有利于应力诱导相变增韧,该ZTA复相陶瓷的抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别达到604MPa,6.87MPa·m1/2.     

B位前躯体法制备PZT/ZrO2纳米复相压电陶瓷的力学性能研究

采用改进的聚合物法制备B位前驱体PZT/ZrO2纳米复相陶瓷.采用TEM观察到马氏体相变和热失配产生的应力条纹和应力斑,发现ZrO2粒子截断电畴和使电畴弯曲的现象.应力场有效吸收裂纹扩展能量,加之ZrO2粒子强化基体晶界,PZT/ZrO2纳米复相陶瓷得到了强韧化.SEM分析显示陶瓷断裂模式随ZrO2加入向穿晶断裂模式转变.抗弯强度和断裂韧性随Zr2加入量增加明显提高,可达141.6 MPa和2.3 MPa·m1/2.     

ZrO2-Al2O3复相陶瓷的研究

采用工业ZrO2,Al2O3为原料,通过适当的工艺制备出ZrO2-Al2O3复相陶瓷.研究结果表明:添加Al2O3可有效地抑制ZrO2晶粒的生长,有利于使ZrO2晶粒以亚稳四方相存在,从而提高材料的强度与断裂韧性.Al2O3质量分数为20%时,复相陶瓷的抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别为676.7MPa,10MPa*m1/2.相变增韧与颗粒弥散增韧作用相互叠加提高了复相陶瓷材料的力学性能.     

Al_2O_3/ZrO_2层状复合陶瓷的结构设计与性能

以ZrO2 为基本组成相的层状材料 ,采用干法成型工艺 ,通过对表面层不同组分Al2 O3+ZrO2 和表面厚度的系统研究和设计 ,提出设计三层结构复合陶瓷层裂参数λ ,当λ小于 1.5时 ,表面层不会出现层裂 ,整体材料性能较好 .研究表明 ,表面残余压应力的存在 ,使得三层结构复合陶瓷较单层结构陶瓷表现出更高的强度、硬度、断裂韧性和其他性质 .45 %Al2 O3/ZrO2 / 45 %Al2 O3层状复合陶瓷的弯曲强度达 682MPa,断裂韧性达 16.2MPa·m1 /2 ;而单层ZrO2 陶瓷的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别仅为 45 0MPa和 8.8MPa·m1     

Al2O3/ZrO2层状复合陶瓷的结构设计与性能

以ZrO2为基本组成相的层状材料,采用干法的成型工艺,通过对表面层不同组分Al2O3 ZrO2和表面厚度和系统研究和设计,提出设计三层结构复合陶瓷层裂参数λ,当λ小于1．5时,表面层不会出现层裂,整体材料性能较好,研究表明,表面残余压应力的存在,使得三层结构复合陶瓷较单层结构陶瓷表面出更高的强度,硬度,断裂韧性和其他性质,45％Al2O3/ZrO2/45%Al2O3层状复合陶瓷的弯曲强度达682MPa,断裂韧性达16.2Pa.m^1/2;而单层ZrO2陶瓷的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别仅为450MPa和8.8MPa.m^1/2.     

ZrO2/CePO4可加工陶瓷材料钻削加工的试验研究

分别用高速钢刀具和硬质合金刀具对ZrO2/CePO4可加工陶瓷材料进行钻削加工试验.通过比较ZrO2/CePO4陶瓷和低碳钢材料的加工过程,分析了ZrO2/CePO4陶瓷的加工特性、材料钻削规律及其影响因素.实验结果表明:刀具的磨损是ZrO2/CePO4钻削加工的主要特征之一.钻削ZrO2/CePO4陶瓷材料的去除过程可分为高效率和高磨损2个阶段,刀具材料影响ZrO2/CepO4可加工陶瓷材料的加工效率.可加工陶瓷的加工过程中,应选择合理的刀具参数和加工工艺参数,以获得良好的加工质量.     

CuO and CuO-ZnO catalysts supported on CeO2 and CeO2-LaO3 for low temperature water-gas shift reaction

This paper describes an investigation on CuO and CuO-ZnO catalysts supported on CeO₂ and CeO₂-La₂O₃ oxides, which were designed for the low temperature water-gas shift reaction (WGSR). Bulk catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation of metal nitrates and characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area (by the BET method), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The catalysts' activities were tested in the forward WGSR, and the CuO/CeO₂ catalyst presented the best catalytic performance. The reasons for this are twofold: (1) the presence of Zn inhibits the interaction between Cu and Ce ions, and (2) lanthanum oxide forms a solid solution with cerium oxide, which will cause a decrease in the surface area of the catalysts. Also the CuO/CeO₂ catalyst presented the highest Cu content on the surface, which could influence its catalytic behavior. Additionally, the Cu⁰ and Cu¹⁺ species could influence the catalytic activity via a reduction-oxidation mechanism, corroborating to the best catalytic performance of the Cu/Ce catalyst.     

Phase Equilibria in the Systems SrO-CuO and SrO-1/2Bi2O3

The phase equilibria of the systems SrO-CuO and SrO-1/2Bi₂O₃ were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis of quenched powder samples. The compounds SrCuO₂ and Sr₂CuO₃ melt incongruently at 1085° and 1225°C, respectively. The newly found compound Sr₆Bi₂O₉ decomposes at 965°C into SrO and Sr₃Bi₂O₆ melts incongruently into SrO and liquid at 1210°C. SrBi₂O₄ undergoes a phase transition at ∼825°C, and although both are nonstoichiometric, the low-temperature phase is slightly poorer in SrO with 33.5 mol% SrO than the high-temperature phase.     

High-Temperature Phase Relations in the System Gd2O3-Ta2O5

The Phase relations of the system Gd₂O₃-Ta₂O₅ in the composition range 50 to100 mol% Gd2O3 was studied by solidstate reactions at 1350°, 1500°, or 1700°C and by thermal analyses up to the melting temperatures. Weberite-type orthorhombic phase (W2 phase, space group C2221) with the composition of Gd3 TaO7 seems to melt incongruently; at about 2040°C, although this Gd₃TaO₇ Phase was previously reported to melt congruently. A new fluorite-type cubic phase (F phase, space group Fm3m ) was found for the first time above 1500°C in the system. It melts congruently with the composition of about 80mol% Gd2O3at 2318° 3°C. A phase diagram was proposed for the system Gd₂O3–Ta2O₅ in the Gd₂O₃–rich portion     

Formation of Nanometric TiB2 from TiO2

Titanium diboride can be produced by ball-milling a mixture of TiO₂, B₂O₃, and Mg metal for between 10 and 15 h. The reaction was found to be completed during the milling with no evidence of residual Mg. The unwanted phase, MgO, was readily removed by leaching in acid. The leached powder obtained after 15 h milling had a particle size of <200 nm and was highly faceted. The particle size decreased to ∼50 nm after 100 h milling and seemed to be relatively monodisperse. Scherrer calculation of the crystallite size showed that the product particles were probably single crystal.     

Microstructure of Varistors Prepared with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Bi2O3

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles coated with 1–5 wt% Bi₂O₃ were prepared by precipitating a Bi(NO₃)₃ solution onto a ZnO precursor. Transmission electron microscopy showed that a homogeneous Bi₂O₃ layer coated the surface of the ZnO nanoparticles and that the ZnO particle size was ∼30–50 nm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ZnO grains sintered at 1150°C were homogeneous in size and surrounded by a uniform Bi₂O₃ layer. When the ZnO grains were surrounded fully by Bi₂O₃ liquid phases, further increases in the ZnO grain size were not affected by the Bi₂O₃ content. This predesigned ZnO nanoparticle structure was shown to promote homogeneous ZnO grains with perfect crystal growth.     

Differences in Wetting Characteristics of Bi2O3 Polymorphs in ZnO Varistor Materials

Detailed analysis of the microstructure of grain boundaries, especially triple-grain and multiple-grain junctions, in ZnO varistor materials has been performed using transmission electron microscopy. Different polymorphs of Bi₂O₃ are shown to exhibit different wetting properties on ZnO interfaces. Recent investigations suggest that the equilibrium configuration consists of crystalline Bi₂O₃ in the triple-grain and multiple-grain junctions and an amorphous bismuth-rich film in the ZnO/ZnO grain boundaries. The present investigation supports this suggestion for δ-Bi₂O₃ and also adds to the microstructural image and wetting properties of α-Bi₂O₃.     

Influence of the Y2O3 Content and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Melt-Grown Al2O3–ZrO2 Eutectics

The effect of Y₂O₃ content on the flexure strength of melt-grown Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ eutectics was studied in a temperature range of 25°–1427°C. The processing conditions were carefully controlled to obtain a constant microstructure independent of Y₂O₃ content. The rod microstructure was made up of alternating bands of fine and coarse dispersions of irregular ZrO₂ platelets oriented along the growth axis and embedded in the continuous Al₂O₃ matrix. The highest flexure strength at ambient temperature was found in the material with 3 mol% Y₂O₃ in relation to ZrO₂(Y₂O₃). Higher Y₂O₃ content did not substantially modify the mechanical response; however, materials with 0.5 mol% presented a significant degradation in the flexure strength because of the presence of large defects. They were nucleated at the Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ interface during the martensitic transformation of ZrO₂ on cooling and propagated into the Al₂O₃ matrix driven by the tensile residual stresses generated by the transformation. The material with 3 mol% Y₂O₃ retained 80% of the flexure strength at 1427°C, whereas the mechanical properties of the eutectic with 0.5 mol% Y₂O₃ dropped rapidly with temperature as a result of extensive microcracking.     

Hydrogen evolution over sol-gel prepared visible-light-responsive Ag2O/SrAl2O4/CNT ternary photocatalyst

Photocatalytic hydrogen production over ceramic oxide photocatalysts is a promising technique for green energy production. However, most ceramics with large bandgap energies (E_g) do not operate in visible light. In this study, we present a sol-gel-based process for the preparation of SrAl₂O₄ nanoparticles coupled with precise amounts of Ag₂O and supported with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form Ag₂O/SrAl₂O₄/CNT ternary nanocomposites. The characterization of the prepared photocatalysts using various methods revealed a visible-light response in the presence of 0.5–4.0 wt% Ag₂O and 4.0% CNTs. The 3.0 wt% Ag₂O/SrAl₂O₄/4.0% CNT photocatapyst exhibited visible-light absorbance edge at 481 nm and E_g of 2.49 eV compared to 4.64 eV for SrAl₂O₄/4.0% CNT. Hydrogen evolution rate in the 10% glycerol/water system and Pt cocatalyst utilizing 3.0 wt% Ag₂O/SrAl₂O₄/4.0% CNT was 455.5 μmol g^?1h^?1 at an optimized dosage of 1.6 gL^?1 with commendable recyclability. The improved performance is attributed to the effective visible-light response and enhanced photocharge mobility because of the addition of a precise amount of Ag₂O and CNTs.     

TiO2／UV／O2和TiO2／UV／N2体系降解水中对氯硝基苯

以商用TiO2P25为催化剂,分别在TiO2/UV/O2和TiO2/UV/N2两种体系下进行降解对氯硝基苯(pCNB)试验.采用ESR对两种体系下光催化反应形成的.OH进行测定,利用LC-MS对两种体系下反应形成的中间产物进行了定性和定量分析,最后对pCNB降解过程中氯和硝基的存在形式进行了研究.结果表明:TiO2/UV/O2体系的催化降解效果要明显优于TiO2/UV/N2体系;两种反应体系都有.OH产生,并且TiO2/UV/O2体系产生的.OH的量多于TiO2/UV/N2体系产生的.OH的量;TiO2/UV/O2体系形成的中间产物的种类要多于TiO2/UV/N2体系形成的,苯环上的氢、氯、硝基均可被.OH取代形成对硝基酚(pNP)、5-氯-2-硝基酚(5-C-2-PN)等酚类物质;两种体系下均有Cl-和NO2-存在,其中Cl-生成势与pCNB的去除势一致,只有TiO2/UV/O2体系中存在NO3-.