碳化和应力作用对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

碳化、氯离子侵蚀、应力三者共同作用对沿海地区混凝土结构耐久性具有重要影响.以C25级普通混凝土为研究对象,针对应力、碳化和氯盐三因素共同作用,借助室内试验手段,对混凝土试样进行加载及快速碳化试验,研究了碳化和应力作用下混凝土中的氯离子迁移规律.研究表明:碳化龄期短的混凝土试件,氯离子扩散系数会有很大程度的下降,随着碳化时间的增加下降速度不断减缓;碳化龄期较长的混凝土试件,氯离子扩散系数会略有升高.随压应力的增大,混凝土碳化深度逐渐减小,氯离子扩散系数也逐渐减小.     

干湿循环作用下混凝土裂缝区域氯离子的传输状态

研究了干湿循环作用下混凝土裂缝区域的氯离子浓度分布和裂缝影响区域.制备了不同宽度横向裂缝的混凝土试件,采用干湿循环加速氯离子对混凝土的侵蚀,定期检测不同侵蚀周期试件破型后裂缝侧面以及试件上表面至钢筋方向的氯离子浓度.试验结果表明:氯离子浓度随着传输深度增加而降低,在20 mm处基本稳定.随着干湿循环的进行,在20个干湿循环周期后,裂缝宽度为0.1~0.5 mm的试件,裂缝侧面30 mm处氯离子浓度都大于0.1%,钢筋在裂缝左右30 mm范围内有锈蚀的危险.并且由于二维传输的互相影响,裂缝宽度越大,相同传输深度氯离子浓度也越高.     

弯曲裂缝对再生混凝土构件碳化性能影响的试验研究

混凝土是脆性材料,抗拉强度远低于其抗压强度,钢筋混凝土构件在使用时往往处于带裂缝工作状态.当钢筋混凝土构件表面混凝土的裂缝达到一定宽度之后,经过时间的推移,有可能直接影响结构的正常使用以及耐久性,甚至影响结构的功能和安全性.试验着眼于再生混凝土表面弯曲裂缝对钢筋混凝土构件碳化性能的影响,以不同强度等级(C20、C40)和裂缝宽度(0.1 mm、0.2 mm)为变动因素进行了对比性碳化试验,试验结果表明,与没有倒入微裂缝的对比用普通混凝土试件以及再生混凝土试件相比,再生混凝土试件表面的弯曲裂缝对混凝土碳化性能的影响要比裂缝宽度对混凝土碳化性能的影响更大.     

弯拉荷载和碳化耦合作用下氯离子扩散试验研究

为了解决盐雾区弯拉荷载和碳化耦合作用下氯离子在混凝土中的传输问题,设计了荷载对氯离子、碳化对氯离子扩散影响的试验,由于荷载作用会对碳化有所影响,进而再次影响氯离子的扩散作用,因此设计了荷载对碳化深度影响的试验.以Fick第二定律为基准模型,通过对以上三个实验数据的整理并结合已有的研究成果逐步建立了荷载碳化耦合作用下对氯离子扩散的影响关系,该模型对盐雾区受拉构件使用寿命的估算具有一定的指导意义.通过理论公式的计算结果与实验数据进行对比,误差低于5%,从而进一步说明了这样分步建立模型方法的正确性.     

碳化环境下混凝土的耐久性能研究

本文采用了快冻法、自然浸泡法以及干湿循环方法来研究了碳化行为对混凝土材料的抗冻性、抗氯离子扩散性以及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性的影响作用.试验结果表明碳化后的混凝土试件抗冻性有所提高,但是抗氯离子扩散性变差.同时发现,碳化混凝土试件在经历硫酸盐干湿循环后抗折强度损失大于未碳化试件,降低混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能.     

荷载裂缝和养护龄期对混凝土内氯离子传输影响研究

为了分析实际荷载和氯盐侵蚀环境共同作用下开裂混凝土结构的耐久性能,通过弯曲开裂和预压开裂两种方式制备出两类开裂混凝土构件,采用RCM试验法研究了开裂混凝土构件中氯离子的传输特性,并深入分析了荷载裂缝和养护龄期对氯离子传输过程的影响.研究结果表明,裂缝的存在加剧了氯离子在裂缝位置及其周围10 mm范围混凝土内的传输进程,且裂缝对氯离子传输的影响范围随着裂缝宽度的增大而增大;从受弯开裂构件中得到的弯曲开裂试件,当最大裂缝宽度小于0.3 mm时仍可采用RCM法进行传输性能分析,而预压开裂试件的裂缝宽度大于0.12 mm时,已不宜采用RCM法进行分析;随着养护龄期的增加,预压开裂混凝土试件的氯离子传输能力在裂缝周围略有降低,在离裂缝距离超过10 mm后,氯离子传输能力降低明显.综合现有研究结果得出,利用裂缝宽度w的二次多项式函数表征两类开裂混凝土构件的氯离子扩散系数劣化特性是可行的.     

荷载作用下粉煤灰混凝土碳化特性研究

外部荷载是影响粉煤灰混凝土碳化性能的主要因素之一,对承受不同水平轴向压力及轴向拉力的粉煤灰混凝土试件进行了碳化特性研究,分析了荷载比、碳化龄期、粉煤灰掺量等因素对碳化深度的影响。试验结果表明:(1)轴拉荷载不利于粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化性,试件的碳化深度随轴拉荷载的增加而增大;(2)轴压荷载在20%左右时,粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化性能最好,轴压荷载进一步增加后,试件的碳化深度随之增大;(3)粉煤灰混凝土的碳化深度随碳化龄期和粉煤灰掺量的增加而增大,试件的轴压荷载较高或承受轴拉荷载时,粉煤灰掺量对碳化过程的影响较为明显。     

冻融与氯盐耦合作用下超细粉煤灰混凝土抗碳化性能研究

为了研究氯盐与冻融耦合作用下超细粉煤灰混凝土的碳化性能,对不同掺量超细粉煤灰混凝土进行了抗压强度试验、基准碳化试验、冻融-碳化试验和盐冻-碳化耦合试验.结果表明:在标准养护条件下,混凝土试件中掺入少量超细粉煤灰会降低试件本身的抗压强度,但降低幅度不大,而掺入大量的超细粉煤灰其抗压强度下降比较明显.干燥养护下,掺入超细粉煤灰对试件的抗压强度影响较小,其抗压强度随掺量没有出现骤降.掺入适量的超细粉煤灰能提高混凝土的抗碳化性能,随着超细粉煤灰掺量增加,抗碳化性降低,当超细粉煤灰掺量超过25％时对混凝土抗碳化性能影响不大.当超细粉煤灰参量一定时,盐冻-碳化循环试验对混凝土碳化深度最不利,且超细粉煤灰混凝土的碳化深度与循环次数呈现二次函数关系.     

荷载、碳化和氯盐侵蚀对混凝土劣化的影响

浇筑了普通混凝土和双掺粉煤灰、矿粉两种矿物掺合料的混凝土小梁试件39个,采用螺杆对试件施加混凝土极限抗弯承载力30%和60%的持续荷载,在"氯盐溶液浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"、"去离子水浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"和"氯盐溶液浸泡+大气环境干燥"3种不同干湿循环制度下进行干湿循环试验,分析了荷载、碳化和氯盐作用下混凝土的劣化规律。结果表明:双掺粉煤灰和矿粉的混凝土,因发生"二次水化反应"消耗了大量Ca(OH)_2,其抗碳化性能比普通混凝土差;碳化后混凝土孔隙中多被CaCO_3填充,孔隙率降低,因此碳化速率随碳化龄期的增长减缓;干湿循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,对流区深度会逐渐趋于稳定,在7~9 mm之间,而碳化作用使混凝土表层氯离子堆积明显;干燥过程中,氯盐存在使混凝土表面孔隙出现结晶,亦会抑制碳化反应的速率;碳化作用对混凝土中氯盐的传输起到双重作用:使混凝土孔隙率降低从而降低氯盐的传输速率,又会使部分结合氯离子释放为自由氯离子,从而提高自由氯离子含量;荷载水平由0.3倍极限荷载增加到0.6倍极限荷载,碳化和氯盐传输深度显著提高,随循环次数增加,荷载作用对碳化和氯盐传输影响愈加明显。     

弯曲荷载下喷射混凝土衬砌碳化耐久性研究

以一般大气环境长大喷射混凝土单层永久衬砌隧道为背景,开展弯曲荷载作用下喷射混凝土衬砌碳化耐久性试验.采用改进的四点弯曲法,对应力比为0、0.25、0.50和0.75的混凝土试件进行快速碳化试验,并对无荷载混凝土试件的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及抗折强度进行测试.以张誉碳化模型为基础,对其碳化系数进行修正,建立考虑应力比、受力方式、钢纤维和成型方式的喷射混凝土碳化深度预测模型.结果表明:喷射混凝土碳化深度符合Fick第一定律,碳化系数与受力方式和应力比、钢纤维及成型方式有关.喷射混凝土碳化耐久性优于模筑混凝土,钢纤维可进一步提升喷射混凝土碳化耐久性.碳化混凝土相对抗压强度和相对劈裂抗拉强度随碳化深度增大而增大,相对劈裂抗拉强度与碳化深度呈指数关系.通过将模型预测值与试验值进行对比,其平均偏差小于10%,标准差为0.07,对弯曲荷载喷射混凝土碳化深度的预测具有较好的适用性.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.