水冻融和硫酸盐溶液冻融环境下MKPC砂浆的耐久性评价

为了评价磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)砂浆的抗水和抗硫酸盐溶液冻融性能,测试了快速冻融条件下MKPC砂浆试件的强度发展和质量损失,并与同强度等级的硅酸盐水泥(P·O)砂浆试件相比较,试验结果证实:在水冻融循环75次和5％Na2SO4溶液冻融50次后P·O砂浆试件(M2)完全失去强度,而具有同样强度等级的MKPC砂浆试件(M1)在水冻融循环75次和5％Na2SO4溶液冻融100次后的强度剩余率均高于75％.在水和5％Na2SO4溶液中冻融循环50次时,M2试件的质量损失均已超过5％的破坏标准,而M1的质量损失远低于5％.上述结果说明MKPC砂浆试件的抗水冻融和抗硫酸盐溶液冻融性能远高于硅酸盐水泥砂浆试件,且抗盐冻融性能好于抗水冻融性能.     

复合纤维对严寒地区混凝土抗冻性能的影响研究

为了研究严寒地区混凝土的抗冻性能,制备了5种不同聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维掺加的混凝土试件,测试了混凝土试件的抗压强度、抗折强度、质量损失率和动弹性模量,分析了不同冻融循环次数影响混凝土力学强度的变化规律.结果表明:复掺聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维能够在单掺一种纤维的基础上再进一步提高混凝土的抗压强度以及抗折强度;复合纤维混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度、质量以及动弹性模量损失随着冻融循环次数的增大而增大;相同冻融次数下,复掺聚丙烯纤维1.0 kg·m-3和钢纤维40 kg·m-3条件下混凝土的抗冻性能最佳.     

再生混凝土冻融损伤可靠性分析

针对再生骨料混凝土受冻融损伤的问题,选取再生粗、细骨料双掺成型再生混凝土,采用快速冻融方法研究其质量损失与相对动弹性模量变化的规律,基于Weibull概率方法以质量损失和相对动弹性模量为指标建立损伤模型进行冻融可靠度分析.结果 表明,在冻融循环下质量损失逐渐增大,相对动弹性模量逐渐变小;Weibull概率分布可有效地描述再生混凝土试件抗冻性能退化规律,可靠度指标中,质量损失较动弹性模量更敏感,基于试验数据,运用该方法建立的可靠度函数能够直观反映试件可靠性与冻融循环之间的关系,并反映试件的剩余寿命.     

纤维混凝土抗冻性能及损伤劣化模型研究

为了提高寒冷地区建筑的安全性和使用寿命等问题,通过分析不同纤维、粉煤灰掺量的混凝土试件在相应冻融次数下的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量及强度(抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度)变化规律,研究掺入纤维的比例对混凝土抗冻性的影响.结果 表明:掺入钢纤维(SFs)和PVA纤维时,抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度显著提高,在冻融次数相同的情况下,掺量与强度呈正相关;随着冻融次数的增加,质量损失率曲线先下降后上升,相对动弹性模量曲线呈下降趋势,掺入4％(质量分数)的SFs及0.05％(质量分数)的PVA纤维时,混凝土试件抗冻性能最优;掺入适量粉煤灰可有效改善混凝土质量、动弹性模量及强度损失.基于相对动弹性模量、强度数据建立冻融循环损伤模型来评价纤维混凝土的损伤程度,选用二次函数衰减模型进行数据拟合,发现建立的模型拟合程度较高,可有效反映冻融循环作用下纤维混凝土的冻融损伤程度.     

不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土耐久性试验研究

为探索不同冻融介质下再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融耐久性,分别以清水和3.5wt％ NaCl溶液为冻融介质,分析比较了不同冻融环境下再生骨料透水混凝土质量损失、动弹性模量、剩余抗压强度、CT扫描断面平均孔隙率随冻融循环次数的变化规律.试验结果表明,不同冻融介质作用下,再生骨料透水混凝土的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、平均抗压强度与CT扫描断面平均孔隙率的劣化程度均随冻融循环次数增加而逐渐增大,氯盐环境下更易引起再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融破坏;再生骨料透水混凝土相对剩余抗压强度与相对动弹性模量之间具有良好的相关性,可通过测量冻融后再生骨料透水混凝土相对动弹性模量来评估其剩余抗压强度;最后基于两参数Weibull概率分布函数建立了再生骨料透水混凝土冻融损伤演化方程,可用于表征不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土试件的冻融损伤破坏程度.     

冻融循环作用下粉煤灰砂浆的力学性能

冻融大气环境下粉煤灰砂浆的力学性能对砖砌体结构具有重要的影响。在不同冻融循环次数作用下，通过改变粉煤灰掺量，研究粉煤灰砂浆试块的质量损失率、动弹性模量及抗压强度等指标的变化。结果表明，随着冻融循环次数的增加，不同粉煤灰掺量的砂浆试块质量均减小；冻融循环次数相同情况下，粉煤灰砂浆的动弹性模量比水泥砂浆的小，且随着粉煤灰掺量的增加，其动弹性模量降低的愈明显；各砂浆试块的抗压强度均随冻融循环次数的增加而降低，但掺入适量粉煤灰，有益于砂浆的抗压强度。     

冻融循环后混凝土冲击劈拉强度预测模型

为预测混凝土材料冻融循环后冲击劈拉强度,本文对混凝土标准冻融试件和混凝土劈拉试件进行0、25、50、75、100次的冻融循环试验,通过动弹仪对混凝土标准冻融试件进行动弹性模量测试,采用电液伺服万能试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆系统分别在0.5和0.5×10⁶、1.0×10⁶、2.0×10⁶ kN/s的力加载速率下对劈拉试件进行劈拉试验,分析了冻融损伤以及力加载速率对混凝土冲击劈拉强度的影响。结果表明：随着冻融次数的增加,标准冻融试件的表观状况、质量、相对动弹性模量均不断劣化;当冻融次数一定时,随着力加载速率的提高,混凝土试件的冲击劈拉强度不断提升。在上述试验基础上,建立了冻融循环后混凝土冲击劈拉强度预测模型,该模型可为冻融循环后混凝土冲击劈拉强度的预测提供理论依据。     

地聚物材料固化含砷废渣抗冻融性能研究

为了处理有色金属冶炼厂产生的含砷废渣,利用磷渣-粉煤灰基地聚物材料对其进行固化处理,对固化体抗冻融性能进行研究,考察不同冻融方式、冻融循环次数等条件下固化体的相对质量变化、抗压强度、砷浸出率特性,并采用XRD、SEM等表征手段分析冻融前后固化体的物相组成及形貌变化.结果表明:采用不同的冻融方式,随着冻融循环次数的增加,固化体的相对质量变化不大;抗压强度有所下降,经15次冻融循环,强度仍可高于15 MPa,固化体砷浸出率呈上升趋势,砷浸出率仅为0.27％.XRD及SEM分析表明,冻融前后固化体中矿物相基本未发生变化以及固化体未发生崩裂现象,说明固化体具有较强的抗冻融性能.     

持续荷载与冻融循环耦合作用下纤维混凝土损伤性能研究

为了研究纤维混凝土在持续荷载与冻融循环耦合作用下的损伤性能,开展了不同压应力水平(0、0.3、0.5)作用下的纤维混凝土冻融循环试验,研究了不同应力水平作用下试件质量损失、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度损失等参数随冻融循环次数的变化规律。结合损伤力学,以超声波波速为损伤变量,分析了冻融损伤与荷载耦合作用的变化关系,并基于Weibull分布建立了冻融损伤预测模型,推导出冻融损伤与抗压强度的演化方程。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,冻融损伤程度表现出加剧上升的现象,应力水平为0.3的耦合作用能减小纤维混凝土的冻融损伤,应力水平为0.5的耦合作用会进一步加剧纤维混凝土的冻融损伤。建立的损伤预测模型具备较高的可行性,能够较精准预测不同冻融循环次数后的损伤,推导的演化方程相关性较好,能灵活实现损伤与强度之间的转化。     

冻融循环下沙漠砂纤维混凝土损伤模型研究

为研究冻融循环作用下沙漠砂纤维混凝土的损伤模型,对沙漠砂纤维混凝土进行0次、25次、50次、75次、100次、125次及150次的快速冻融试验,分析不同冻融循环次数后沙漠砂纤维混凝土相对动弹性模量、抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度的衰减规律。结合试验数据,基于指数函数和二次函数建立沙漠砂纤维混凝土的冻融损伤劣化模型。结果表明:与沙漠砂混凝土相比,掺入聚丙烯纤维的沙漠砂混凝土的抗冻融能力有效提高;相对动弹性模量随冻融循环次数的增加而下降;与未冻融相比,150次冻融循环后,沙漠砂纤维混凝土的抗压强度降低了49.5%,劈裂抗拉强度降低了70.13%;建立了两种冻融循环下沙漠砂纤维混凝土损伤模型,其计算值与试验值吻合较好,可为沙漠砂纤维混凝土在严寒地区的应用提供理论参考。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.