Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FORMING PROCESS OF HUMPING BEAD IN HIGH SPEEDMAG ARC WELDING

开展了高速活性气体保护( MAG)电弧焊接工艺实验, 确定出了不同焊接电流条件下形成驼峰焊道时的临界焊接速度、相邻驼峰之间的距离以及同一驼峰焊道“波峰”和“谷底”的断面形貌. 基于高速MAG电弧焊熔池的视觉检测图像, 分析了驼峰焊道的产生机理, 并利用上坡焊和下坡焊实验进行了验证. 同时, 也分析了保护气体成分对高速MAG电弧焊焊缝成形的影响.     

焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝的影响

运用自主研发的爬壁机器人研究焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding,GMAW)驼峰焊缝的影响. 结果表明,焊接速度或焊接电流超过某一临界值时,竖向高速GMAW会形成驼峰焊缝,且熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生的动量很大的后向液体流是竖向高速GMAW形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因. 同时,焊接速度和焊接电流显著影响驼峰焊缝形貌. 当焊接电流不变时,随焊接速度提高,驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距和驼峰高度先稳定减小,后缓慢减小,而焊缝宽度则稳定减小;当焊接速度不变时,随焊接电流增加,驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距先增加后减小,驼峰高度则是先增加后不变,而焊缝宽度则稳定增加. 此外,焊接速度过小或焊接电流过大均会造成金属液下淌.     

高速TIG-MIG复合焊焊缝驼峰及咬边消除机理

搭建了TIG-MIG复合焊试验平台及电参数-高速图像同步采集系统,进行了一系列低碳钢高速TIG-MIG复合焊工艺试验,研究了高速TIG-MIG复合焊的电弧形态、熔滴过渡及熔池行为对焊缝成形的影响,并确定了合适的匹配参数.结果表明,MIG焊电流在240~300 A,且TIG焊电流与MIG焊电流相当时,TIG-MIG复合焊焊接过程稳定,即使在焊接速度高达2.5 m/min时,焊缝仍无驼峰、咬边等缺陷,与传统MIG焊相比,熔深增加,熔宽减小.TIG-MIG复合焊由于电弧间的相互作用,两电弧指向发生偏转,电弧压力减小,焊接过程不产生弧坑,且熔宽变窄,这是避免驼峰和咬边缺陷的主要原因.     

高速MAG电弧焊驼峰焊道产生过程的实验研究

开展了高速活性气体保护（MAG）电弧焊接工艺实验,确定出了不同焊接电流条件下形成驼峰焊道时的临界焊接速度、相邻驼峰之间的距离以及同一驼峰焊道“波峰”和“谷底”的断面形貌．基于高速MAG电弧焊熔池的视觉检测图像,分析了驼峰焊道的产生机理,并利用上坡焊和下坡焊实验进行了验证．同时,也分析了保护气体成分对高速MAG电弧焊焊缝成形的影响．     

High speed fusion weld bead defects

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of high speed weld bead defects is presented with strong emphasis on the formation of humping and undercutting in autogenous and non-autogenous fusion welding processes. Blowhole and overlap weld defects are also discussed. Although experimental results from previous studies are informative, they do not always reveal the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of these high speed weld bead defects. In addition, these experimental results do not reveal the complex relationships between welding process parameters and the onset of high speed weld bead defects. Various phenomenological models of humping and undercutting have been proposed that were based on observations of events in different regions within the weld pool or the final weld bead profile. The ability of these models to predict the onset of humping or undercutting has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Furthermore, the proposed formation mechanisms of these high speed weld bead defects are still being questioned. Recent welding techniques and processes have, however, been shown to be very effective in suppressing humping and undercutting by slowing the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This backward flow of molten weld metal may be the principal physical phenomenon responsible for the formation of humping and undercutting during high speed fusion welding.     

Implementation of high speed arc welding with DE-GMAW

Modern manufacturing industry demands low cost and high efficient welding processes to remain competitiveness in the time of globalization. In this study, conventional gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was modified, a double-electrode GMAW (DE-GMAW) system is developed and DE-GMAW process is implemented through optimization of the design and process parameters and suitable selection of igniting sequence of double arcs. High speed welding tests were carried out to examine the effects of different factors on occurrence of weld formation defects. Through observing the weld bead appearance in DE-GMAW, the values of critical welding speed were determined under different levels of welding current and welding speed.     

The humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc welding

Abstract

A commonly observed welding defect that characteristically occurs at high welding speeds is the periodic undulation of the weld bead profile, also known as humping. The occurrence of humping limits the range of usable welding speeds in most fusion welding processes and prevents further increases in productivity in a welding operation. At the present time, the physical mechanisms responsible for humping are not well understood. Thus, it is difficult to know how to suppress humping in order to achieve higher welding speeds. The objectives of this study were to identify and experimentally validate the physical mechanisms responsible for the humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc (GMA) welding of plain carbon steel. A LaserStrobe video imaging system was used to obtain video images of typical sequences of events during the formation of a hump. Based on these recorded video images, the strong momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool that typically occurred during high speed welding was identified as the major factor responsible for the initiation of humping. Experiments with different process variables affecting the backward flow of molten weld metal were used to validate this hypothesis. These process variables included welding speed, welding position and shielding gas composition. The use of downhill welding positions and reactive shielding gases was found to suppress humping and to allow higher welding speeds by reducing the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This would suggest that any process variables or welding techniques that can dissipate or reduce the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool will facilitate higher welding speeds and productivity.     

High speed TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding of mild steel plate

A TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding process was proposed to achieve high speed welding. The influences of hybrid arc welding parameters on welding speed and weld appearance were studied through orthogonal experiment and the microstructures and mechanical properties of weld were tested and compared with that of the conventional MAG weld. The TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding speed could reach up to 3.5 m/min for bead-on-plate welding of 2.5 mm thick mild steel plate under the condition of high quality of weld appearance and 4.5 m/min for butt welding of 2 mm thick mild steel plate, respectively. The mechanical properties of hybrid arc weld were not lower than that of the conventional MAG weld. The assistant TIG arc could effectively stabilize the MAG welding current and MAG arc voltage in high speed TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding process. The stable hybridization obtained by balance between TIG and MAG welding current and proper wire-electrode distance was a key factor to stabilize the welding process.     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

高速三丝熔化极气保护焊接工艺

针对造船企业平面分段生产流水线纵骨双丝角焊接最大焊接速度小于1.0m/min的问题,研究开发了高速三丝熔化极气保护焊接新工艺,即三根焊丝分别为引导焊丝、中间焊丝和跟随焊丝纵向排列。每根焊丝各接一套送丝系统、焊接电源和保护气,构成独立的电弧-电源系统,其焊接工艺参数分别可调,以满足各种焊接要求。结果表明,当采取引导焊丝(DCEP)/中间焊丝(DCEN)/跟随焊丝(DCEP)或引导焊丝(DCEN)/中间焊丝(DCEP)/跟随焊丝(DCEN)的极性组合时,焊接过程稳定,焊缝外观表面光洁、左右对称、起渣容易、飞溅小、无气孔,满足船舶焊接的要求。通过选用合适的焊接电流、电压组合,可以使焊接速度达到1.8m/min,焊脚长度达5～8mm。此焊接新工艺可广泛用于角焊缝的高速焊接应用场合。     

High speed tandem TIG welding of ferritic stainless steel plate

Weld humping and undercut are the most common appearance defects in high speed welding. A high speed tandem TIG welding process was developed to suppress the formation of these appearance defects and to improve the productivity of TIG welding. In this paper, the mechanical properties and microstructure of joints obtained from tandem and single TIG welding were tested and compared. The results show that the sound weld appearance can be obtained by tandem TIG welding at the welding speed of 3 m/min for 1.5 mm thick 409L stainless steel plate. The mechanical properties of the tandem TIG welded joint are in the similar level with single TIG welded joint. The analysis of the tandem TIG welding process indicates that the assistant arc with a push angle can prevent the liquid metal flowing backward to the trailing region of weld pool and the premature solidification of thin liquid layer in the gouging region.     

Modelling of bead hump formation in high speed gas metal arc welding

Without any presupposed mechanism, a unified three-dimensional model is developed to predict the formation of humping bead in high speed gas metal arc welding, which considers the three phase coupling of solid, liquid and gas and the effect of shear stress exerting on weld pool surface caused by arc plasma. A strong backward fluid flow in weld pool is identified as the major factor for bead hump formation. The generation of thin liquid transition zone and its premature solidification are two conditions responsible for the occurrence of humped weld. In case of low inner contact angle between the liquid metal and workpiece surface, the bead hump is still generated. With increasing welding current, the bead hump can be suppressed.     

Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets

Abstract

Undercut and humping bead are the common defects that limit the maximum welding speed of tandem pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. In order to increase the maximum welding speed, effects of the inclination angle, interwire distance and welding current ratio between the leading wire and trailing wire on bead formation in high speed welding are investigated. The undercut and humping bead is attributed to the irregular flow of molten metal towards the rear part of the weld pool. This irregular flow can be prevented by the trailing wire with a push angle from 5° to 13° , which provides an appropriate component of arc force in the welding direction. The irregular flow is also related to the distance between the leading wire and the trailing wire, and the flow becomes regular when the distance is in the range 9–12 mm. Moreover, the stabilisation of the bulge of the weld pool between the two wires, the presence of enough molten metal below the trailing arc, and the reduced velocity of molten metal flow towards the rear part of the weld pool, are essential to increase the maximum welding speed. These conditions can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of the leading arc current to the trailing arc current. A maximum welding speed as high as 4–4·5 m min^?1 is achieved by setting the current ratio to a value ranging from 0·31 to 0·5.     

高速CMT焊送丝速度和焊接电流波形参数的优化

在5 m/min的平均送丝速度、1.8 m/min的焊接速度下开展高速CMT焊正交试验,研究焊接工艺参数对焊接过程及焊缝成形的影响,分析高速下焊接过程不稳定的原因. 结果表明,峰值送丝速度、峰值持续时间tp和峰值电流Ip的影响作用依次降低. 焊接工艺参数匹配不合适时(包括焊机的专家参数),高速焊时频繁发生周期性“粘丝”现象,焊缝成形不均匀、咬边严重. 峰值送丝速度过快、高速下的熔滴后拖和熔池前部金属薄层温度过低是“粘丝”产生的主要原因. 通过合理匹配上述三个参数消除了粘丝并获得良好的焊缝成形.     

窄坡口等离子-MAG复合焊工艺参数优化

针对转向架构架焊接变形及根部焊道背部成形问题,研究坡口角度为30°的V形窄坡口旁轴式等离子-MAG复合热源焊接工艺.文中以SMA490BW耐候钢平板对接为研究对象,基于响应面法建立了主要影响熔深的等离子电流、MAG电流、焊接速度、等离子气体流量与焊缝根部焊道的熔深、背部余高之间的数学关系模型,并依此模型分析了等离子-MAG复合焊接工艺参数对焊缝熔深能力的影响,获得了合适的复合焊接工艺参数.与普通MAG焊相比,窄坡口等离子-MAG复合焊接工艺既可保证焊缝根部完全熔透又能有效地减小接头的焊接变形.     

高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析

基于高速气体金属电弧焊(GMAW)驼峰焊道形成过程的实验观测结果,充分考虑熔池中后向液体流的动量和热焓,在熔池表面变形方程中加入后向液体流的动能项,并将熔滴热焓分布在整个熔池表面层,建立了高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析模型.模拟了一定焊接条件下的驼峰焊道形成过程及其三维形状与尺寸,与实测结果进行了对比,证明本文模型能够较好地模拟高速GMAW过程,可定量分析驼峰焊道形成过程.     

Application of switch back welding to V groove MAG welding

The formation of stable back beads in a root pass weld during one side multi-layer welding is important to achieve high quality welded metal joints in MAG welding. The authors employed the switch back welding method for V groove joints without backing plates. In this switch back welding method, the torch moves forward and backward with an oscillation frequency of 2.5 Hz. In order to achieve this welding, personal computers control the conventional welding robot, the power source characteristic and the wire feeder unit. During the forward, the torch is weaving on the V groove gap without the weld pool. If the weaving width becomes wider than the proper width, the tip of the wire becomes high and a good back bead cannot be obtained. The weaving width is adjusted so as to get the proper width in the switch back welding. The suitability of the welding conditions for each root gap was verified by observation of the arc, the weld pool and the external appearance of back beads. A good back bead was obtained under V groove welding in 2–4 mm gap.     

Analysis on the stability of the single weld pool formed during the triple-electrode high speed CO2 welding

The pinch instability theory with free surface and wave superposition principle was applied to understanding the critical disturbance wavelength and the theoretical bead width for the single weld pool formed during the triple-electrode high speed CO2 welding.In addition,the reason for higher stability in the single weld pool was analyzed.Then single-,twin-,and triple-electrode overlaying experiments were conducted,it was found that triple-electrode CO2 welding can improve welding efficiency greatly without reducing the weld quality.The results indicated that the oscillation frequency of the weld pool increased,oscillation wavelength decreased,and bead width increased with the increase of welding electrodes under the same disturbance circumstances.     

抑制高速GMAW驼峰焊道的外加磁场数值分析

当熔化极气体保护焊的焊接速度高于一定临界值时,会出现驼峰焊道成形缺陷.为防止驼峰焊道的出现,通过外加磁场与熔池中的焊接电流相互作用,产生指向熔池前方的电磁力,抑制熔池中后向液体流的动量从而抑制驼峰的产生.通过建立焊前工件上外加磁场的三维模型,计算了工件上的外加电磁场分布.提出热-磁耦合分析方法,实现焊接过程中熔池内外加电磁场的数值计算.结果表明,高速焊过程中,外加磁场主要以横向磁场分布在熔池区;焊丝与磁极间的距离会显著改变熔池内外加横向磁场的分布.