Reconstruction of the thermal environment evolution in urban areas from underground temperature distribution

It is possible to estimate the ground surface temperature (GST) history of the past several hundred years from temperature profiles measured in boreholes because the temporal variation in GST propagates into the subsurface by thermal diffusion. This “geothermal method” of reconstructing GST histories can be applied to studies of thermal environment evolution in urban areas, including the development of “heat islands.” Temperatures in boreholes were logged at 102 sites in Bangkok, Jakarta, Taipei, Seoul and their surrounding areas in 2004 to 2007. The effects of recent surface warming can be recognized in the shapes of most of the obtained temperature profiles. The preliminary results of reconstruction of GST histories through inversion analysis show that GST increased significantly in the last century. Existing temperature profile data for the areas in and around Tokyo and Osaka can also be used to reconstruct GST histories. Because most of these cities are located on alluvial plains in relatively humid areas, it is necessary to use a model with groundwater flow and a layered subsurface structure for reconstruction analysis. Long-term records of subsurface temperatures at multiple depths may demonstrate how the GST variation propagates downward through formations. Time series data provide information on the mechanism of heat transfer (conduction or advection) and the thermal diffusivity. Long-term temperature monitoring has been carried out in a borehole located on the coast of Lake Biwa, Japan. Temperatures at 30 and 40 m below the ground surface were measured for 4 years and 2 years, respectively, with a resolution of 1 mK. The obtained records indicate steady increases at both depths with different rates, which is probably the result of some recent thermal event(s) near the surface. Borehole temperatures have also been monitored at selected sites in Bangkok, Jakarta, and Taiwan.     

先升后降：2000—2020年博尔塔拉河流域景观生态风险演变

博尔塔拉河流域是典型的干旱区内陆河流域,正面临着因气候变化、人为活动干扰所造成的生态环境恶化现象。景观生态风险评价是评估生态系统变化与城市建设发展相互作用的有效工具,对生态脆弱的西北干旱地区进行全面的景观生态风险评价以作为城市建设必不可少的依据。基于2000、2010、2020年3期土地利用数据和DEM高程数据,对博尔塔拉河流域进行流域划分,以子流域为景观生态风险评价单元,联用Arc GIS、Fragstats和Geo Da软件计算得到景观生态风险指数及其空间分布特征,构建景观生态风险指数评价模型,对博尔塔拉河流域进行景观生态风险综合评价。结果表明：2000—2010年,研究区内大面积草地、湿地、森林等类型的退化是造成景观生态风险恶化的直接原因,这和第一、二产业的快速发展、无序垦荒、过度放牧等人类活动干扰有极大的关系。2010—2020年,随着国家对生态治理的高度重视,多种防治手段并行,景观生态风险等级大幅度降低,整体景观生态风险指数值呈降低趋势。整个研究期间,生态环境局部改善与部分退化并存,博尔塔拉河流域的景观生态安全情况不容乐观。未来建议从改善产业结构、推动绿色经济体系发展入手,同...     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境的类型与环境适宜性评价

在对黄土高原人居环境整体研究的基础上,提出以黄土高原沟壑区小流域作为研究黄土高原人居环境的切八点,并运用GIS方法对黄土高原沟壑区小流域进行类型化研究。选取姜家河小流域作为典型案例,利用GIS软件强大的计算和表现能力,对姜家河小流域人居环境进行自然环境状态下的适宜性评价,获取直观的图和量化的数据,使研究更加科学和深入。在此研究成果的基础上,提出黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境的发展规划控制原则。     

Detecting urbanization effects on surface and subsurface thermal environment--a case study of Osaka

Tremendous efforts have been devoted to improve our understanding of the anthropogenic effects on the atmospheric temperature change. In comparison, little has been done in the study of the human impacts on the subsurface thermal environment. The objective of this study is to analyze surface air temperature records and borehole subsurface temperature records for a better understanding of the urban heat island effects across the ground surface. The annual surface air temperature time series from six meteorological stations and six deep borehole temperature profiles of high qualities show that Osaka has been undergoing excess warming since late 19th century. The mean warming rate in Osaka surface air temperature is about 2.0 °C/100a over the period from 1883 to 2006, at least half of which can be attributed to the urban heat island effects. However, this surface air temperature warming is not as strong as the ground warming recorded in the subsurface temperature profiles. The surface temperature anomaly from the Osaka meteorological record can only account for part of the temperature anomaly recorded in the borehole temperature profiles. Surface air temperature is conventionally measured around 1.5 m above the ground; whereas borehole temperatures are measured from rocks in the subsurface. Heat conduction in the subsurface is much less efficient than the heat convection of the air above the ground surface. Therefore, the anthropogenic thermal impacts on the subsurface can be more persistent and profound than the impacts on the atmosphere. This study suggests that the surface air temperature records alone might underestimate the full extent of urban heat island effects on the subsurface environment.     

GIS在黄土高原小流域人居环境研究中的运用

运用GIS对马山峡小流域人居环境进行分析研究,通过对流域边界、水网、剖面及居民点特征分析获取量化的数据和直观的图,为研究提供高效的手段和科学的依据。同时,探讨了GIS在黄土高原小流域人居环境研究中的一般方法。     

Environmental degradation problems in the Heihe River Basin, northwest China

Environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin of arid northwestern China is discussed in the paper. Under conditions of arid climate and unreasonable human activities, the processes of overuse of water resources by people in the basin have significant effects on the different kinds of environmental degradation, which include water environmental changes, land desertification and salinization, and vegetation degeneration. Furthermore, some proposals for environmental degradation research and control in the study site are put forward.     

基于栅格数据的小流域人居环境适宜性评价方法研究

人居环境适宜性评价是贯穿于整个人居环境研究和规划过程中。以往的评价方法多以数学模型为基础,虽然评价结果较精确,但过程复杂,且评价结果不直观。对建筑师和城市规划者而言,不仅有较大隔阂,且应用不便。该文则以姜家河小流域自然环境状态下的人居环境适宜性评价为典型案例,尝试利用GIS软件强大的计算和表现能力,通过对小流域人居环境自然环境状态下的适宜性评价,来获取直观的图和量化的数据,为人居环境的研究提供适合建筑与城市规划专业要求的有效而便捷的分析方法。     

Assessment and forecasting of the subsurface drain of the Aral Sea,Central Asia

Mathematical simulation techniques have been used to study the subsurface water-lake system. The volume of the subsurface drain from the Syrdarya artesian basin (Kazakhstan) into the Aral Sea depression was computed subject to the geoinformation-mathematical model of its hydrogeological conditions. Since the surface and subsurface (underground) water are interconnected, their movement has been measured during the undisturbed period (1960), the epignostic (1961–2014) period, and for forecasting problems for 2044 under two water withdrawal options. The first forecast option assumes the same withdrawal volume of subsurface water level which existed at the end of 2014. The second forecast option envisages the model assignment (from the start of 2015) of the water withdrawal in the production volumes of the subsurface water approved by the National Reserves Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The simulation results showed that the technogenic factors in the explored area have a significant impact on the movement of the subsurface and surface water. Reduction of the Syrdarya and Amudarya rivers flows, production of subsurface water with multiple water-intake and unowned self-flowing wellbores promoted the desiccation of the Aral Sea. The proposed mathematical simulation technique used to assess the subsurface drain proved its efficiency and can be used for surveying the similar subsurface water-lake systems.     

Erratum to “Sources of nitrate and ammonium contamination in groundwater under developing Asian megacities”

The status of nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) contamination in the water systems, and the mechanisms controlling their sources, pathways, and distributions were investigated for the Southeast Asian cities of Metro Manila, Bangkok, and Jakarta. GIS-based monitoring and dual isotope approach (nitrate δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) suggested that human waste via severe sewer leakage was the major source of nutrient contaminants in Metro Manila and Jakarta urban areas. Furthermore, the characteristics of the nutrient contamination differed depending on the agricultural land use pattern in the suburban areas: high nitrate contamination was observed in Jakarta (dry fields), and relatively lower nutrients consisting mainly of ammonium were detected in Bangkok (paddy fields).The exponential increase in NO₃⁻-δ¹⁵N along with the NO₃⁻ reduction and clear δ¹⁸O/δ¹⁵N slopes of NO₃⁻ (∼ 0.5) indicated the occurrence of denitrification. An anoxic subsurface system associated with the natural geological setting (e.g., the old tidal plain at Bangkok) and artificial pavement coverage served to buffer NO₃⁻ contamination via active denitrification and reduced nitrification.Our results showed that NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ contamination of the aquifers in Metro Manila, Bangkok, and Jakarta was not excessive, suggesting low risk of drinking groundwater to human health, at present. However, the increased nitrogen load and increased per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in these developing cities may increase this contamination in the very near future. Continuous monitoring and management of the groundwater system is needed to minimize groundwater pollution in these areas, and this information should be shared among adjacent countries with similar geographic and cultural settings.     

The Dynamics of Indonesia's Urbanisation, 1980-2006

This study examines continuity and change in patterns of Indonesia's urbanisation during the boom economy until the decentralisation era, using data mainly from the National Population Census 1980-2000 and from the Village Potential (PODES) 2006. Urbanisation in Indonesia is still characterised by a heavy concentration of the urban population in a few large cities, notably the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), which might reflect an integration of Jakarta into the global economy. It might also reflect an interurban disparity, between large and smaller cities. The population on the fringes of large cities is growing rapidly, while in the inner cities it is increasing at a very low rate of growth. Urban spatial development in Java is shaping belts, which connect many of the large cities. The intermediate cities and small towns on the outer islands have a relatively higher population growth rate compared with those in Java, which might suggest that those towns and cities are playing a more significant role in regional development.     

关中地区人居环境生态协调单元的建构——以灞河流域蓝田县为例

关中地区渭河水系支脉纵横,人居聚落生存和发展与小流域密切相关。该文从关中地区自然地理条件与景观生态特点出发,遵循与流域生态相协调的人居环境可持续发展理念,在分析了小流域人居环境基本特征的基础上,提出小流域人居单元概念,体现了人居聚落与小流域自然环境相互依存又相互制约的关系;进一步分析了小流域人居单元的基本类型及特征,探讨了促进城镇建设与自然生态相结合的小流域人居单元生态协调发展方向。     

拟自然化城市湖泊水环境治理的生态 智慧与途径——以南京玄武湖为例

“金陵明珠”玄武湖作为南京的核心生态斑块与重 要游憩地，其水环境治理是城市双修的重要内容。通过对比 玄武湖周边城市建设前后的水文过程差异，聚焦水系水域、 土地利用、水利工程等方面解读玄武湖水环境系统退化的成 因，针对湖泊水环境的状况，采取生态恢复法则，探索城市 湖泊水环境生态恢复的路径，旨在最大限度改善湖泊小流域 自然水文过程，结合拟自然的代偿性工程措施作为补充，运 用生态智慧修复、优化城市湖泊水环境，对于众多城市湖泊 面临的共性问题具有普适价值。     

论先秦时期的人居涉水实践智慧

先秦时期的人居实践饱含原创定向智慧.水作为重要的人居要素是早期人居发展的依凭,亦是实践之对象,从整体环境观角度对其进行关联而系统的考察,有助于揭示早期多层面人居实践与自然环境间关联调适智慧.综合文献与考古材料二重证据并结合地景格局,从区域、流域与城邑3个层面提炼涉水实践智慧:区域层面主要体现在治水实践顺应于自然规律的疏...     

拟自然化城市湖泊水环境治理的生态 智慧与途径——以南京玄武湖为例

"金陵明珠"玄武湖作为南京的核心生态斑块与重要游憩地,其水环境治理是城市双修的重要内容。通过对比玄武湖周边城市建设前后的水文过程差异,聚焦水系水域、土地利用、水利工程等方面解读玄武湖水环境系统退化的成因,针对湖泊水环境的状况,采取生态恢复法则,探索城市湖泊水环境生态恢复的路径,旨在最大限度改善湖泊小流域自然水文过程,结合拟自然的代偿性工程措施作为补充,运用生态智慧修复、优化城市湖泊水环境,对于众多城市湖泊面临的共性问题具有普适价值。     

Microbial controls on metal mobility under the low nutrient fluxes found throughout the subsurface

Laboratory simulations and field studies of the shallow subsurface have shown that microbes and their extracellular products can influence the mobility of toxic metals from waste disposal sites. Modelling the transport of contaminants in groundwater may, therefore, require the input of microbial ecology data in addition to geochemical data, thus increasing the costs and the uncertainty of predictions. However, whether microbial effects on contaminant mobility occur extensively in the natural subsurface is unknown because the conditions under which they have been observed hitherto are generally unrepresentative of the average subsurface environment. Here, we show that microbial activity affects the mobility of a toxic trace metal (Cu) under the relatively low nutrient fluxes that dominate subsurface systems. More particularly, we show that under these low nutrient conditions, microbes and microbial products can immobilize metal but may themselves be subject to subsequent mobilization, thus complicating the pattern of metal storage and release. Our results show that the capability of microbes in the subsurface to change both the capacity of porous media to store metal, and the behaviour of metal that is released, is not restricted to the well researched environments close to sites of waste disposal. We anticipate our simulations will be a starting point for generating input data for transport models, and specifying the mechanism of metal remobilisation in environments more representative of the subsurface generally.     

雅加达：一个亚洲大都市的曲折发展之路

雅加达从12世纪的巽他卡拉巴发展到16世纪的嘉雅卡塔,之后经历了300多年的荷兰殖民时期以及短暂的英国和日本的统治,1945年起进入当代城市发展历程。当代发展分为3个阶段--1945-1967年苏加诺领导下的国家建立时期,1967-2008年苏哈托领导下的经济发展时期,以及当今的“改革”时期。雅加达正在经历快速发展,尤其是当今的雅加达新城市政府执政后,这座城市正致力于建设一个更加美好的亚洲大都市。     

Sources of nitrate and ammonium contamination in groundwater under developing Asian megacities

The status of nitrate (NO(3)(-)), nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)) contamination in the water systems, and the mechanisms controlling their sources, pathways, and distributions were investigated for the Southeast Asian cities of Metro Manila, Bangkok, and Jakarta. GIS-based monitoring and dual isotope approach (nitrate delta(15)N and delta(18)O) suggested that human waste via severe sewer leakage was the major source of nutrient contaminants in Metro Manila and Jakarta urban areas. Furthermore, the characteristics of the nutrient contamination differed depending on the agricultural land use pattern in the suburban areas: high nitrate contamination was observed in Jakarta (dry fields), and relatively lower nutrients consisting mainly of ammonium were detected in Bangkok (paddy fields). The exponential increase in NO(3)(-)-delta(15)N along with the NO(3)(-) reduction and clear delta(18)O/delta(15)N slopes of NO(3)(-) ( approximately 0.5) indicated the occurrence of denitrification. An anoxic subsurface system associated with the natural geological setting (e.g., the old tidal plain at Bangkok) and artificial pavement coverage served to buffer NO(3)(-) contamination via active denitrification and reduced nitrification. Our results showed that NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) contamination of the aquifers in Metro Manila, Bangkok, and Jakarta was not excessive, suggesting low risk of drinking groundwater to human health, at present. However, the increased nitrogen load and increased per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in these developing cities may increase this contamination in the very near future. Continuous monitoring and management of the groundwater system is needed to minimize groundwater pollution in these areas, and this information should be shared among adjacent countries with similar geographic and cultural settings.     

A preliminary pressure–impact analysis applied in the Pinios river basin (Thessaly, Central Greece)

Greece has not yet undertaken one of the first and most important tasks required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD: the integrated review of the impact of human activity on the status of surface waters for each river basin – the IMPRESS analysis. Owing to the lack of a national methodology, a preliminary analysis was carried out for the Pinios river basin, applying a combination of different methodologies refined to suit the particularities of the Greek freshwater environment and to accommodate the limited availability of data. Pressures caused by the main pollution sources, point and nonpoint, were quantified in terms of pollution loads with the use of emission factors. The existing limited biological and physicochemical monitoring data were used to assess impacts. Additionally, we identified pressures caused by alterations from land-use data; we carried out a River Habitat Survey (RHS) and estimated the hydromorphological impacts through the calculation of a Habitat Modification Score (HMS). Our results suggest that the probability of the Pinios river basin failing to achieve good ecological quality by 2015 due to pollution is high, and due to hydromorphological pressures is moderate.     

Environmental effects under China’s Western Development Strategy: a case study in the Beipan River basin,Guizhou

This paper is based on a case study in the Beipan River basin, which aims to assess the success of environmental initiatives in southwest China under the national Western Development Strategy. The research uses data searching, interviews and in situ observation. The results of erosion, Karst stony-desertification, reforestation and the water quality of the Beipan River reveal that the ecosystems in the basin were improved during 2000–2012. Geology, topography, hydrology, climate and human impacts will remain major challenges to the future ecological conservation and environmental protection. Future environmental development in the basin and southwest China will demand a long-term, holistic approach to overcome both natural and human impacts.