Introducing a method of human health risk evaluation for planning and soil quality management of heavy metal-polluted soils—An example from Grugliasco (Italy)

European governmental institutions, as well as local communities, have recently become aware of the threats arising from soil pollution for the welfare of the population. Humans contact with soils is more likely in urban than in rural areas, and is strongly dependent on land use. Spatial planning and land management may have important impacts on the potential transfer of pollutants from contaminated soils to humans. In the present study, we propose a land use-based method for the evaluation of human health risks arising from heavy metal-contaminated urban soils, addressing in particular the influence of planning measures and land use changes on such risks. The method accounts for the role of the bioavailability of soil metals as a key factor in health risk assessment. In order to increase method applicability, a step-by-step procedure and a calculation tool were elaborated. The method can be used to identify areas in which the current or planned land use is associated with unacceptable health risks and to optimise the allocation of a certain land use to areas that are well suited and where the risks are minimal. A risk index is calculated for the area, taking the land use into consideration, as the sum of the risks from different exposure pathways and different heavy metals. For those areas where risk is identified as unacceptable, alternative planning or management options should be defined to achieve a maximal risk reduction in a cost-effective way. The method is illustrated using the Italian municipality, Grugliasco.     

Introducing a method of human health risk evaluation for planning and soil quality management of heavy metal-polluted soils—An example from Grugliasco (Italy)

European governmental institutions, as well as local communities, have recently become aware of the threats arising from soil pollution for the welfare of the population. Humans contact with soils is more likely in urban than in rural areas, and is strongly dependent on land use. Spatial planning and land management may have important impacts on the potential transfer of pollutants from contaminated soils to humans. In the present study, we propose a land use-based method for the evaluation of human health risks arising from heavy metal-contaminated urban soils, addressing in particular the influence of planning measures and land use changes on such risks. The method accounts for the role of the bioavailability of soil metals as a key factor in health risk assessment. In order to increase method applicability, a step-by-step procedure and a calculation tool were elaborated. The method can be used to identify areas in which the current or planned land use is associated with unacceptable health risks and to optimise the allocation of a certain land use to areas that are well suited and where the risks are minimal. A risk index is calculated for the area, taking the land use into consideration, as the sum of the risks from different exposure pathways and different heavy metals. For those areas where risk is identified as unacceptable, alternative planning or management options should be defined to achieve a maximal risk reduction in a cost-effective way. The method is illustrated using the Italian municipality, Grugliasco.     

城市区域风险评估及消防站规划分析

城市区域风险评估是城市消防规划和部署消防力量的基础。以韶关市规划中心城区为例,从消防安全重点单位、用地性质、人口密度和交通可达性4个方面,采用AHP法构建火灾风险评估指标体系,应用GIS对地块各指标按权重进行叠加分析,得到城市火灾风险等级图,并以此对消防站规划布局进行了优化分析。     

The economics of tunnelling: Problems and opportunities

Market economics often needs to be combined with creative planning and broad assessment of social cost/benefit to justify a tunnelling contribution to development. This is particularly the case for urban underground works. Flexibility in use of the land surface and enhancement of the value of existing capital assets are two such factors. The object must be to assure the best combination of private (the market) and public resources. The range of tunnelling costs embraces these factors: the physical conditions (topography, geology); competence in planning; competence in design; competence in construction; competence in management throughout of costs and time; and provisions for risk. This paper principally concerns the overall management: the framework should include a foresighted promoter, who depends upon a percipient and creative engineer, who plans and designs the project and arranges for the appointment of an ingenious and competent contractor under conditions for performance and payment appropriate for the particular project. Good planning must minimize the risk of expensive and protracted problems; the need for heroic engineering is often the result of inadequate planning. Scenario planning as a technique in evaluating the scope for applying new technology to a particular project also is mentioned.     

From camaraderie to detachment: The effect of changing built environment forms on neighborhood relations in a post-communist context

Through population surveys and interviews, this article examines how relationships among neighbors in Tirana, capital of Albania, have evolved after the demise of communism, in conjunction with transformations in the city’s built environment. The transformations that took place in Albania in the post-communist period were among the most extensive in Eastern Europe. This study found that the density and height increases in Tirana have had negative impacts in terms of social cohesion. Combined with economic polarization, internal and international migration, and the introduction of western lifestyles and aspirations (such as individualism and economic success), built environment transformations have led to the weakening and contracting of localized networks. However, this study does not support the notion that social isolation or alienation has plagued contemporary urban residents. Many urbanites still preserve some of the spirit of the smaller traditional communities, especially in older, more consolidated neighborhoods created during communism and in lower condominium buildings.     

Sustainable cities: The relationships between urban built forms and density indicators

The paper introduces a novel indicator of urban built form termed Form Signature. Generic models of four urban built forms are developed including pavilion, terrace, court and a newly introduced tunnel-court which are used to compare and contrast their land-use performance and density characteristics. Selecting plot ratio and site coverage as the most popular and appropriate density indicators, the simultaneous relationship to each of the considered urban built forms is shown graphically with the number of storeys, plan depth and cut-off angle as the main variables of interest. For existing urban areas, the resulting graphs provide a robust tool for statistical analysis of contexts such as climate, economy, energy and crime potential and establish their relationship to form and density. To show the value of the contribution, analysing 32 case studies from 19 cities in different global locations showed an insignificant relationship between climate and form/density of urban areas, while practically depicting that urban areas built in court form acquire higher cut-off angle compared to terrace form urban developments. For the planning of future urban areas, the resulting relationships provide an application-oriented urban planning tool to facilitate the most effective land-use method in order to achieve sustainable cities. Examples showing the potential of the tool for future statistical energy and social analysis of urban areas are provided. Finally, a relative comparison shows that the newly-introduced tunnel-court form achieves the greatest density while pavilion achieves the lowest.     

“Glocalising” urban landscapes: Athens and the 2004 olympics

This paper deals with transformations of urban landscape in the era of globalization. First, it attempts to describe and understand how particular aspects of urban morphology, such as built heritage and innovative design of space, have become the competitive edge in terms of landscape. Second, it develops the argument that on the basis of their great potential for (a) promoting economic growth and (b) enhancing place identity of cities, both built heritage and innovative design of space appear to be expansively used as major components of contemporary strategic plans of cities for the transformation and improvement of urban landscape. Combining and promoting built heritage and innovative design of space as two central themes in urban landscape transformations generates, for the 21st century city, a new landscape collage dominated by two extremes: (a) that of tradition with rather local spatial references and (b) that of innovation having more universal or global spatial references. Thus, under the forces of globalization, the new emerging urban landscapes may be termed as “glocalised” ones. As a case study, Athens and the landscape transformations for Olympic Games 2004 are analysed.     

对我国城市社区规划建设理论、方法和制度的思考

我国城市社区理论研究与实践处在起步阶段,也缺乏与其它学科研究成果的系统结合.在分析了社区规划实践中存在的问题后,提出应在城市规划领域建立城市社区规划的理念与方式,实现理论和规划方法的转型,指出应建立社区规划师制度,并为实施社区规划提供相应的制度保障.     

Underground urbanism: Master Plans and Sectorial Plans

The urbanization process leads many urban areas and megacities to be densely built and to overcome their physical and operational limits; in several cases, urban population density is growing faster than their infrastructures. Considering land use constraints, for mitigating some disagreeable living conditions and for creating new population opportunities, city planners have different opportunities involving the two opposite vertical directions: upward, erecting higher buildings or downward, developing a more intense use of the underground space. Both directions are characterized by positive and negative aspects and require suitable local condition to be built.In this paper, main issues related to the urban underground planning procedures are highlighted, taking also in consideration that after some very old visionary approaches, no relevant debates and concrete results have been further developed. Several underground-related technicalities are described and analyzed, mainly at sectorial level (f.i. mass transport systems, infrastructures for energy and water supply, storage facilities) however, experiences of a global urban planning – involving a holistic approach inside a City Master Plan – are still very few (Helsinki). A collection of some best practices is reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is devoted to the integrated planning approach and the related tools for the subsurface space assessment: the role of different planning tools for the rational use of the underground space in urban areas is analyzed and a variety of planning levels are discussed, from the more general one – the Master Plan – to the more sectorial ones. Moreover, the more recent visions for future cities – Smart, Resilient, Low-carbon and Post-Carbon Cities – are producing relevant and very useful technical and management solutions and the role of Integrated Mater Plans in this transition is further discussed.     

主体功能区规划驱动下的城市规划转型

主体功能区规划与城市规划转型发展都是"两型社会"建设的必然要求。主体功能区规划作为一种战略性、基础性和约束性规划,回归了主动引导和公共政策的本性,是对传统空间规划理念的一次重大变革。而作为传统空间规划的城市规划存在诸多弊病,转型发展成为必然趋势。研究通过梳理主体功能区规划与城市规划在空间规划体系中的关系,以及分析两者的不匹配性,提出主体功能区规划是城市规划转型的主要驱动力之一,其具体驱动机制在于优化开发区域、重点开发区域、限制开发区域和禁止开发区域对城市规划提出的要求。主体功能区规划驱动下城市规划转型的方向应是政策引导型规划、综合目标型规划、宜人特色型规划和主动引导型规划;转型的推动力在于政府,而推动政府的力量主要是绩效考核机制、公众参与和完善的审批制度。     

城市树木致伤风险可视化评估：以武汉市 中山公园为例

城市中的树木能提供多种生态系统服务,但树木倒 伏、树枝坠落也可能致人伤害,评估城市树木风险能有效地预 防伤害发生、保障人身安全。但当前研究的评估维度多聚焦于 树木自身,对城市人群致伤可能性的考量较少。建构了风险严 重性、风险可能性和致伤潜力3个维度的城市树木致伤风险指 数(I UTIR)评估方法,以武汉市中山公园为例展开树木致伤风险 评估,并分析了树木自身风险、致伤潜力与致伤风险之间的空 间关系。研究发现：68.7%的区域中,树木自身风险与致伤潜 力之间的空间关系呈现正相关性,25.1%的区域呈现负相关 性。在此基础上,提出了预防树木致伤风险的管理建议。为公 园规划设计和树木风险管理策略提供参考,从而减弱树木致伤 风险对人体健康的影响。     

Deciphering the stroke–built environment nexus in transitional cities: Conceptual framework,empirical evidence,and implications for proactive planning intervention

Adverse lifestyle-associated health outcomes, and stroke in particular, have been aggravated in transitional countries under high-speed urbanisation. Against this backdrop, deciphering the nexus between built environments (BEs) and lifestyle-associated health outcomes is of importance for crafting proactive interventions. The existing literature on this topic, however, fails to sufficiently capture the multiplicity of health-related BEs and, in turn, the complexity of such a nexus, largely challenging the applicability of established frameworks and the reliability of relevant findings.Looking at the case of stroke in Wuhan, China, this research aims to flesh out the understanding of the nexus between multidimensional BEs and lifestyle-associated health outcomes in transitional cities, with regards to conceptual framework and empirical evidence. To this end, we clarified stroke-related BE elements and integrated them into one conceptual framework. We then visualised stroke risk and examined its BE determinants using the Bayesian conditional autoregressive model. The visualisation results showed that stroke risks exhibited significant clustering in the high-density urban core. The statistical analysis found that, after the data were controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, net population density and building density were positively associated with stroke risk. In contrast, an abundance of public parks and institutional land use and access to medical care facilities have presented negative correlations with stroke risk, regardless of urban density. Our research reveals that compact urban developments might not be a silver bullet for health promotion in transitional cities, calling for an urgent need to scrutinise their applicability. To offset the adverse effects of increasingly dense urban environments, more efforts should also be made to provide better access to the identified salubrious resources. Furthermore, we argue that the establishment of comprehensive conceptual frameworks that connect BEs and lifestyle-associated health outcomes deserves to be highlighted in further research, planning intervention schemes, and health impact assessment projects.     

饮用水水源水质健康风险评价及对策

采用水质健康风险评价模型,对佛山主要水源——北江多年来的水质监测资料进行了分析和评价.结果表明:北江流域水质健康总风险值较高;水质健康风险沿北江先增大后又有所下降,最高值出现在主城区河段.基因毒物质是造成北江水质健康风险值高的主要污染物质,其中Cr的健康风险值最高,其次为As和Cd.对于躯体毒物质,主要风险来源于Hg、Pb、NH,三种污染物;氨的风险值呈增加趋势,2004年以后取代Hg成为主要的躯体毒物质风险源.针对北江水源的水质健康风险特点,提出了相应对策.     

大都市社区公共服务设施供给研究——基于“三三制”的体系构建

大都市区中心和外围空间一体化演化过程中,社区空间和人口结构急剧变化,社区公共服务设施供给面临挑战。本文从设施供给全过程,构建了以“建控用”为核心,“三阶段贯通,三条线协同”的“三三制”大都市区社区服务设施供给体系,强调“全覆盖供给、全环节管控、全周期运营”框架。结合常州新北区进行实证校验,探讨都市区社区服务设施供给体系的转型。供给环节应结合居民需求,明确分类设施供给标准、供给主体和空间模式,保障设施供给的公平性;管控环节要优化专项规划和控规规划编制,加强实旅过程的环节控制,保障空间供给的有效性;运营环节推进社区规划和社区规划师制度建设,建构监管与沟通并重的运营管理机制,提高社区设施供需匹配效率。     

Reflexive Modernization: The Re-enlightenment of Planning?

In recent decades, the modern state and its institutions - including planning - have been the subjects of sustained and ultimately destabilizing critique by post-modernists. More recently, a new perspective on the 'crisis of modernity' has emerged. The theory of 'reflexive modernisation' has sought to renew both understanding of, and support for, the radical political-ethical vision of the Enlightenment. Whilst the perspective seems to have generated a vigorous debate in sociology, its impact on geography and urban planning has been much more limited, especially in Australia. This paper argues that theories of reflexive modernization are directly relevant to the concerns of the spatial sciences. In particular, I aim to show that the notion of reflexive modernization and its subsidiary concepts (e.g., risk society) can provide a powerful theoretical frame within which to place and understand the recent transformations of western urban and environmental planning systems. I draw upon the reflexive modernization thesis to describe and explain the broad changes and reform pressures that have emerged within planning in Australia.     

高容积率保障性住房建设规划策略——以上海市保障性住房三林基地项目为例

高容积率保障性住房具有其发展的必然性。上海市保障性住房三林基地项目规划在充分研究其现状的基础上,在不改变规划面积的前提下,以"H.沪尚社区"为规划理念,采取"大社区、小组团"模式,理性配比机动车停车需求,科学适配公共服务设施,如构建"15分钟服务圈"、配套设施"保质"规划、构建居住景观环境、"精细集约"的住宅户型平面设计及"新海派"的住宅立面形态控制等,对高容积率保障性住房建设规划提供了一定的借鉴。     

国内大型独立老年社区的建设现状分析和思考

近几年,大型独立老年社区在各大城市陆续建设,成为城市老年社区的主要发展趋势。在对各大城市的大型独立老年社区进行实地调研后,在现状总结和问题分析的基础上,提出老年人的理想社区应是具有可持续性的混合老年社区,其实现途径是待建居住区规划结构的更新和已建居住区的适老化改造。     

基于新城市主义理念的步行干预规划策略探讨*

新城市主义提倡以人为本的设计思潮与运动,其规划设计强调建成环境的宜人性以及对人类社会活动的支持,对当下城市规划如何干预人群步行活动具有积极的借鉴意义。本文首先对新城市主义理念及其发展模式进行分析。总结促进步行活动的基本理念与设计策略。然后通过文献综述分析新城市主义发展模式的步行绩效,进而归纳出建成环境的临近性、连通性、场所性等特征对步行干预的积极作用。最后结合我国实际情况,从城市和社区两个层面提出步行干预的城市空间规划策略,同时进一步阐述了新城市主义的规划设计策略在我国的适用性。     

健康城市理念下社区建成空间环境研究与治理--由某农贸市场突发公共卫生事件引发的规划思考

在城乡可持续发展越来越强调"以人民为中心"的大背景下,如何系统、精准、人本地处理好城市社区建成空间环境、人的行为以及行为所产生的结果之间的复杂联系,始终是城市规划研究的核心议题。文章尝试以市井文化传承载体-农贸市场为切入点,结合设施空间分布与微观时空行为序列分析,探讨社区公共服务体系的科学配置和基层社区生活圈的健康组织模式,提出面向未来健康城市的社区建成空间环境治理途径和组织机制,旨在为营造健康完整的社区提供科学合理的基础支撑。     

社区绿道建成环境特征与体力活动强度关联性研究——以深圳市为例

社区绿道作为社区生活圈中的绿色线性空间,是高密度城市建成区居民进行日常体力活动的重要场所.以深圳市已建成的167段社区绿道为研究对象,探讨社区绿道建成环境特征与体力活动强度的关联性,旨在推动城市社区更新并提升公共健康水平.首先,将深圳市社区绿道按照周边用地性质分为绿地景观型、商业服务型和生活休闲型3类,基于POI数据爬...