数字时代高职院校人文教师的转型发展

人文教师是高职教师的重要组成部分,在高职人才培养中发挥了越来越重要的作用。数字时代的技术知识已成为高职人文教师的必备知识,而技术知识先天不足、技术能力发展目标缺失、技术素养提升平台阙如共同造成其转型发展的乏力状况。对此,教育主管部门应提供制度保障,相关院校应创设长效机制,教师自身应积极调动其转型发展的主体作用。     

Predicting Variability in a Lake Ontario Phosphorus Model

The prediction of a model always has a degree of uncertainty. Because the level of uncertainty is inversely related to the value of information contained in the prediction, there is a need to quantify the uncertainty. One approach to estimate prediction uncertainty is first-order error analysis. In this method, the error in a characteristic (variable or parameter) is defined by its first nonzero moment (the variance). Errors are propagated through the model using first-order terms in the Taylor series, and the variances are then combined to yield the total prediction uncertainty. An alternative approach to model prediction error analysis is Monte Carlo simulation. In this technique, probability density functions are assigned to each characteristic (variable or parameter), reflecting the uncertainty in that characteristic. Then, values are randomly selected from the distribution for each term and inserted into the model, to calculate a prediction. Repeating this process a number of times produces a distribution of predicted values, which reflects the combined uncertainties. These two approaches (first-order error analysis and Monte Carlo simulation) are applied to Lake Ontario data using a steady state mass balance phosphorus model. Comparisons are made which suggest guidelines for the use of each.     

Avulsions in a Simulated Large Lowland Braided River

The understanding of the complicated braiding mechanisms in braided rivers is closely related to avulsions. They control the channel generation, migration and disappearance in large lowland braided rivers, and are considered to be the key factor that keeps the river maintaining a dynamic braided pattern. However, their occurring processes and mechanisms are still not well understood due to the lack of detailed measurements with sufficient temporal and spatial data covering multiple bifurcations. In the present study, a numerical model based on the physical process of hydrodynamics and sediment transport is used to simulate the suspended sediment transport and river channel evolution in braided rivers. The model predicted braiding processes are comparable to those observed in nature. Efforts are made to investigate the morphological processes that are key for river braiding. Three types of avulsions observed in natural rivers have been identified in the model predicted river and their evolution processes and controlling factors are examined based on the predicted flow velocity, sediment concentration, bed elevation and sediment size distribution. It was found that, a curving channel bend is the key factor in introducing a constriction avulsion, while the choking avulsion and apex avulsion are controlled by the water surface slope and bed elevation. They are mostly affected by the upstream channel pattern changes.     

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON LIQUID-SOLID FLOW IN A HYDROCYCLONE

Hydrocyclones are widely used in industry, of which the geometrical design using CFD techniques is gaining more popularity in recent years. In this study, the Euler-Euler approach and the Reynolds stress model are applied to simulate the liquid-solid flowfield in a hydrocyclone. The methodology is validated by a good agreement between experimental data and numerical results. Within the research range, the simulation indicates that the liquid-solid separation mainly occurs in the conical segment, and increasing conical height or decreasing cylindrical height helps to improve the grade efficiencies of solid particles. Based on these results, two of the same hydrocyclones are designed and installed in series to establish a liquid-solid separation system. Many experiments are then conducted under different conditions, in which the effects of the water cut and the second hydrocyclone on the separation are investigated. The results also confirm that smaller solid particles are more susceptible to the inlet conditions, and the second hydrocyclone plays a more important role as the water cut reduces.     

加筋土挡墙有限元分析材料模型综述

对20世纪60年代以来国内外加筋土挡墙有限单元分析中采用的几种方法进行了简单介绍,并分别指出它们的优缺点。对加筋土结构有限元计算时经常采用的一些本构模型进行了详细介绍,并着重描述了一种可用于模拟接触面的结构性模型———复合体模型。目前加筋土挡墙的有限元模型基本上均是二维平面模型,建议计算工作者建立三维模型,并考虑筋———土、面板———土、基础———墙体之间相互作用。指出将基于微观理论的结构性模型用于模拟加筋土体,特别是筋———土接触面,是一个新的研究方向。     

Identifying Pipes and Valves of High Importance for Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Water Distribution Systems

Failure of a pipe or valve in a water distribution system causes service disruption and other inconveniences to the customers at or downstream of the failure location. To minimize the impact of such a pipe or valve failure, it is crucial to identify those pipes or valves whose failure will have the most severe consequences in degrading the performance of the system relative to that of other pipes or valves. In this paper, we develop two failure analysis methodologies, Pipe-by-Pipe and Valve-by-Valve, to prioritize the importance of pipes and valves in a water distribution system. The relative importance of individual pipes and valves is evaluated according to the number of customers who are forced out of service as a consequence of a pipe or valve failure. The methodologies are based on a segment-finding algorithm which defines a series of isolated pipes in the case of pipe or valve failure. A procedure based on the Breadth First Search is also developed to find sections of pipes that are unintentionally isolated in the isolation procedure for failed pipes. The number of unintentionally isolated customers is included in the Pipe-by-Pipe and Valve-by-Valve analyses in order to incorporate this negative effect of unintended isolation of pipes. The methodologies are applied to a case study of a water distribution system for which the most important pipe and valve are identified. The results are analyzed to form a guideline for improving the system reliability. The proposed methodologies were found to be a valuable tool for ensuring efficient operation and developing appropriate maintenance strategies, and thereby for improving the reliability of many water distribution systems.     

我国结构抗浮水位研究现状与展望

目前我国结构抗浮水位方面研究成果虽然很丰富, 但分歧很大, 不仅直接影响了实际工程中的应用, 同时也造成了研究工作自身缺乏系统性和延续性。为解决这一问题, 利用水文学、水力学和土力学等科学理论, 分别从抗浮水位基本概念、抗浮水位分析中两个基本问题(孔隙水压力和远期最高水位)的方法论和抗浮水位分析的技术体系等3个角度对既有研究成果进行了系统综述与客观分析。在抗浮水位基本概念方面, 根据地下水赋存和渗流理论, 将目前研究成果划分为二维、准三维和三维等3种类型, 提出了各自的数学表达式, 分析了三者之间逻辑关系, 讨论了各自的科学性和适用性。在孔隙水压力分析方法方面, 尤其是孔隙水压力折减问题, 对基于渗流理论和有效应力原理的经典分析方法进行系统评述的同时, 还对当前讨论热烈的基于结合水理论的分析方法进行了梳理评价。在地下水远期最高水位预测方面, 着重讨论了历史最高水位法、基于宏观数据反演法和数值分析法等3种方法的优缺点及需要完善之处。在抗浮水位分析技术体系方面, 以北京地区为例对该类问题作了简要总结与评述。最后, 对抗浮水位研究与应用现状进行了概要性评述, 并结合我国国情, 对未来工作提出了展望与建议。     

Tap Water Costs and Service Sustainability, a Close Relationship

Water is currently an essential and strategic resource for society and its importance will rise in the future due to the increasing number of threats. However, water management is not currently up to par taking into consideration this well acknowledged importance. Generally speaking, water use is not efficient and loss figures are often too high. The reasons behind this situation are complex and diverse, however, in principle, they can be divided into four categories: cultural, political, social and economic. Since the latter are of most importance, this paper focuses on water costs from source to tap. The economic analysis presented quantifies the costs of a sustainable urban water service in a structured way. The second part of the paper present a case study in which the economic losses linked to leakage are assessed as a function of how expenses are recovered. The cost of apparent losses could also be assessed in a similar way and will always be higher, since apparent losses (unlike real ones) are present throughout the whole water cycle, thus increasing the unit costs.     

一维圣维南方程组在非恒定流计算中的应用

天然情况下，河道水流在某河段内可能是恒定流，亦可能是非恒定流。一般地，山区性河流多视为恒定流，但在河道干支流的汇合口、河道与湖泊的交汇处、以及潮汐河段等处的水流常常为非恒定流。对于非恒定流， 用常规的水文学方法难以分析计算出河道水流的各个水文特征值，圣维南方程组则是解决此类问题的途径之一。运用圣维南方程组建立一维数学模型，应用芙蓉江江口水文站、长江徐六烃水文站实测水文资料进行分析验算，对解决非恒定流方面的一些实际的水文问题进行初步分析和探讨。     

A Framework for Defining Fish Habitat Domains in Lake Ontario and its Drainage

Old and new paradigms for freshwater fish habitat science are examined and a framework for classifying habitat domains outlined in the Lake Ontario basin. The old paradigm emphasized static measures of both habitat and fish while the new one emphasizes dynamic process-oriented metrics. Temperature, light, and motion are the primary axes of the new paradigm and individual and population processes like growth, survival, and movement are the preferred fish metrics. The science that is contributing to the formation of the new paradigm is reviewed. Habitat domains with relatively homogeneous features are identified in lake and stream contexts and some of their patterns on Lake Ontario described. Human and other disturbances to those domains are explored. The correspondences between elements of the fish assemblage in Lake Ontario and the habitat domains are examined. Lotic and lentic examples of fish-habitat phenomena related to the new paradigm are presented. The paradigm shift has implications for scientific and management activities in the Great Lakes. The framework of habitat domains provides a basis for increasing our understanding of the role of habitat in fishery productivity as well as a basis for coordinating agency efforts to manage habitats for multiple use. There is a need to establish and maintain broad-based ecosystem monitoring programs to facilitate the use of habitat knowledge in decisionmaking, and to integrate fisheries management and fish habitat management within the responsible jurisdictions as a key step to implementing ecosystem-based management.     

Rapid detection of sewer defects and blockages using acoustic-based instrumentation

Sewer flooding incidents in the UK are being increasingly associated with the presence of blockages. Blockages are difficult to deal with as although there are locations where they are more likely to occur, they do occur intermittently. In order to manage sewer blockage pro-actively sewer managers need to be able to identify the location of blockages promptly. Traditional closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection technologies are slow and relatively expensive so are not well suited to the rapid inspection of a network. This is needed if managers are to be able to address sewer blockages proactively. This paper reports on the development of an acoustic-based sensor. The sensor was tested in a full scale sewer pipe in the laboratory and it was shown that it is able to find blockages and identify structural aspects of a sewer pipe such as a manhole and lateral connection. Analysis of the received signal will locate a blockage and also provide information on its character. The measurement is very rapid and objective and so inspections can be carried out at much faster rates than using existing CCTV technologies.     

求解流体与结构相互作用问题的ALE有限体积方法

本文发展了求解流体与结构相互作用问题的数值方法。采用任意拉格朗日－欧拉网格（ＡＬＥ）和有限体积方法对流体的控制方程进行空间离散，而时间项则采用三点向后差分格式；对于结构的运动方程采用Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ积分法进行求解，为了求解耦合的流体和结构的运动方程，采用预测－多步校正法以避免反复迭代所导致的过大的计算量。作为本入方法的应用，计算了圆筒内一同轴圆柱的自由振动问题，在小振幅的情形下，将由计算获得的附加质     

Capacity Building for Water Management: Some Personal Thoughts

Capacity building has become a critical requirement for improving water management practices significantly in the future. The current attempts to enhance capacity are a useful beginning, but they suffer from numerous conceptual and operational constraints, some of which are discussed in this paper. Unless these constraints are objectively identified, and the entire process is carefully planned to overcome these problems promptly and cost-effectively, benefits that are likely to accrue from such efforts would at best be incremental. However, if planned and implemented properly, capacity building has the potential to contribute to a quantum leap in water management during the early part of the 21st century.     

Numerical simulation of the internal wave propagation in continuously densitystratified ocean

A numerical model is proposed to simulate the internal wave propagation in a continuously density-stratified ocean, and in the model, the momentum equations are derived from the Euler equations on the basis of the Boussinesq approximation. The governing equations, including the continuity equation and the momentum equations, are discretized with the finite volume method. The advection terms are treated with the total variation diminishing （TVD） scheme, and the SIMPLE algorithm is employed to solve the discretized governing equations. After the modeling test, the suitable TVD scheme is selected. The SIMPLE algorithm is modified to simplify the calculation process, and it is easily made to adapt to the TVD scheme. The Sommerfeld＇s radiation condition combined with a sponge layer is adopted at the outflow boundary. In the water flume with a constant water depth, the numerical results are compared to the analytical solutions with a good agreement. The numerical simulations are carried out for a wave flume with a submerged dike, and the model results are analyzed in detail. The results show that the present numerical model can effectively simulate the propagation of the internal wave.     

Instream flow methods: a comparison of approaches

Minimum flows in rivers and streams aim to provide a certain level of protection for the aquatic environment. The level of protection is described by a measure such as a prescribed proportion of historic flows, wetted perimeter or suitable habitat. Conflicting minimum flow assessments from different instream flow methods are arguably the result of different environmental goals and levels of protection. The goals, the way in which levels of protection are specified, and the relationship between levels of protection and the aquatic environment are examined for three major categories of flow assessment methods: historic flow, hydraulic geometry and habitat. Basic conceptual differences are identified. Flow assessments by historic flow and hydraulic methods are related to river size and tend to retain the ‘character’ of a river. Habitat-based methods make no a priori assumptions about the natural state of the river and flow assessments are based primarily on water depth and velocity requirements. Flow and hydraulic methods assume that lower than natural flows will degrade the stream ecosystem, whereas habitat methods accept the possibility that aspects of the natural ecosystem can be enhanced by other than naturally occurring flows. Application of hydraulic and habitat methods suggests that the environmental response to flow is not linear; the relative change in width and habitat with flow is greater for small rivers than for large. Small rivers are more ‘at risk’ than large rivers and require a higher proportion of the average flow to maintain similar levels of environmental protection. Habitat methods are focused on target species or specific instream uses, and are useful where there are clear management objectives and an understanding of ecosystem requirements. Flow and hydraulic methods are useful in cases where there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem or where a high level of protection for an existing ecosystem is required. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An investigation of the instrumental variable-approximate maximum likelihood method of modeling and forecasting daily flows

The instrumental variable-approximate maximum likelihood (IV0AML) method provides a technique to develop better models for short-time increment hydrologic data. In this method, a recursive input-output model, which consists of a deterministic model and a stochastic noise model are used. These models handle the system and measurement noise separately. The instrumental variable method has been developed to eliminate the bias in parameter estimates.The IV-AML method is investigated in the present study. Parameters of daily rainfall-runoff models are estimated by the IV-AML and by least squares methods and compared. The effects of a rainfall filter on parameter estimates are also investigated. Forecast accuracies of models whose parameters are estimated by IV-AML and least squares methods are compared.The results indicate that the forecast accuracy of models whose parameters are estimated by least squares method is comparable to that of models whose parameters are estimated by IV-AML method. The rainfall filter, on the other hand, reduces the parameter variation and improves forecasts.     

利用数字图像处理技术测量浓度场的实验研究

利用数字图像处理技术是当前研究环境污染物扩散机理的重要手段。该文通过水槽实验,分析了污染物图像的灰度与污染物的浓度、光源的距离以及排放口所在水深的关系,并建立了污染物浓度与图像灰度关系的方程。利用该方程对射流在横流中测量的图像进行了浓度场计算,得到的结果与实际情况吻合较好,因此,该方法能广泛应用于物质扩散机理的研究。     

Sustainability Issues in Water Management

In the 1992 Rio World Summit on Environment and Development/UNCED), water resources are indicated to remain at the core of sustainable development and, thus, they are to be managed and developed on a sustainable basis. Sustainability is a philosophical concept and thus difficult to measure. Yet, we need to describe it on rather precise terms to assess whether our water management practices are sustainable and to ensure sustainability in decision making for management. To this end, a number of sustainability criteria have been defined, based on quantifiable measures, without overlooking immeasurable aspects of sustainable development. This paper considers economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability as the basic criteria to be pursued in evaluating how effective our water management plans are in achieving sustainability. On the other hand, actual case studies are needed to test the usefulness of selected criteria by using computer-based interactive optimization and simulation models with associated databases embedded into a decision support system (DSS). The study herein intends to present such a case study based on economic, social and environmental criteria to assess sustainability in management of the Gediz River Basin in Turkey. Various management scenarios developed for the basin are evaluated within a DSS while ensuring multi-stakeholder involvement in defining the three sustainability criteria. The case study is a result of the analyses carried out in SMART (Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone) and OPTIMA (Optimization for Sustainable Water Resources Management) projects funded respectively by the 5^th and 6^th Framework Programmes of the European Union.     

Laboratory investigation of the hydroelastic effect on liquid sloshing in rectan- gular tanks

A sloshing experiment is conducted to study the hydroelastic effect in an elastic tank. For this purpose, a translational harmonic excitation is applied to a 2-D rectangular tank model. The lowest-order natural frequencies of the liquid in the tank are determined through the sweep test. The wave elevation and the sloshing pressure are obtained by changing the excitation frequency and the liquid depth. Then the characteristics and the variation of the elevation and the pressure are discussed. The results are compared with the experimental results and the theoretical calculations in a rigid tank. Our analysis indicates that, in the non- resonant cases, the elastic results, the rigid experimental results and the theoretical values are all close to each other. In contrast, under the resonant condition, the elastic experimental result is slightly smaller than the rigid one. Also, the theoretical values are smaller than the experimental results at the resonant frequency.