流水壕泉域修建地下水库可行性分析

在分析流水壕泉域水文地质条件的基础上,提出设立地下截渗墙修建地下水库的办法,以拦蓄地下水资源。经过可行性分析,在流水壕泉域内修建人工地下水库是可行的,在古洼槽分布区补设开采井群抽取地下水,实现地下水库集中供水,并可获得开采量5400 m3/d。修建后可以解决由于附近煤矿不合理开采导致的缺水问题。     

地下水弥散系数的野外试验新方法

弥散系数是地下水污染数学模型的基本参数.本文提出一种获得纵向和横向弥散度的野外试验新方法.该法能很好地控制野外试验的水位和流场形态，提高地下水坡降，且方便可行.同时还介绍一种与配线法不同的，用联立方程迭代求解的弥散度新算法。     

Modeling of Ground Water Salinity on the Caspian Southern Coasts

Water salinity is one of the main restrictive factors in water exploiting. Also, unsuitable management and exploitation of water resources has led to an increase of surface and groundwater salinity. Thus, in view of human needs to water resources, it is necessary to study and define water salinity factors in order to weaken these factors. This research has been conducted to investigate the factors of groundwater salinity and also, to provide a model for estimating groundwater salinity on the Caspian southern coasts. Data included in the model are: water qualitative examinations in the area, annual precipitation and evaporation, water table depth, surface water salinity, aquifer formation (Transmissivity) and distance from Caspian Sea. Surface and groundwater salinity was estimated by sampling in different sites on the Caspian southern coasts. Then, Multivariate Regression method was used by using SPSS software. In this stage, groundwater EC has been used as a variable for water salinity or dependent variable and groundwater salinity factors have been used as independent variables. A linear model and a non-linear model were presented. The models efficiency was evaluated by applying them in the sites that their data were not used for presenting the models. Finally, groundwater EC average map was provided by using the presented non-linear model and Geographic Information System in the Eastern part of Mazandaran province. In view of salinity hazard increases in the coastal terrains and agricultural areas, the places with high hazard salinity must be defined and managed to decrease water resources salinity.     

物元分析方法在地下水质量综合评判中的应用

鉴于目前地下水质量评判方法中存在人为影响因素过多、权值计算的不确定性等不足，提出了一种基于物元分析理论的新评判方法，采用地下水质量综合评判的各种指标，根据计算出的综合关联度，实现对地下水质量等级的综合评判。实例表明该方法是可靠的，在地下水质量评判领域具有进一步的研究与应用价值。     

Estimating Groundwater Withdrawal in Poorly Gauged Agricultural Basins

A method is presented for estimating the annual groundwater withdrawal based on water balance resulting from surface and groundwater hydrological considerations. The unknown groundwater losses of the aquifer are estimated from the groundwater level fluctuations, the specific yield and the groundwater withdrawal prior to the installation of the irrigation network. The meteorological and hydrometric data are used in the Sacramento hydrological conceptual model for the estimation of the stored groundwater volume, via minimization of the difference between the simulated and measured stream discharge. Following the installation of the network due to poorly kept field records, an initial estimation of the groundwater withdrawal is made based on the fluctuations of the groundwater level, the specific yield, and the annual precipitation. The monthly stored groundwater volume is verified against the volume obtained during the recharge of the basin (November–April). The difference between the groundwater volume and the measured discharge of the basin (May–October) is in agreement with the initial estimation of the groundwater withdrawal. This method is applied successfully in an agricultural basin on the island of Crete, Greece and its novelty lies in the fact that it can be used in basins where groundwater withdrawal is not known or data is incomplete.     

Benefit and Implementation of Groundwater Protection Zoning in South Africa

Groundwater studies in several African countries show that the contamination of water-supply aquifers is mainly due to improper placement of land-based activities such as agriculture, industries, waste disposal. In South Africa, groundwater pollution is also of increasing concern due to fast population growth and accompanying development. Groundwater protection zoning is a supplemental methodology for groundwater management that incorporates land use planning. The land is managed to minimize the potential of groundwater contamination by human activities that occur on or below the land surface. The various benefits associated with implementation of protection zoning are discussed for stakeholders such as communities, water supply companies, ecosystems and policy makers. A South African case study is presented comparing the cost of protection with the cost incurred due to the treatment of sick and dying people due to contaminated drinking water. These benefits must be communicated to the stakeholders to start the implementation at all management levels. Implementation steps of groundwater protection zones are discussed and can be tested even with low budgets and little data available. Monitoring and reassessment of protection zones are important to test the effectiveness and prove to decision makers that the money was well spent. The legal framework for implementation of groundwater protection zoning in a South African context is described, where the water law makes provision for tools like differentiated protection, licensing and recovery of cost. Challenges regarding implementation of groundwater protection are discussed with some action steps on how to move forward.     

NUMERICAL MODELING AND OPTIMAL ESTIMATION OF THE TRANSPORT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＭＯＤＥＬＩＮＧＡＮＤＯＰＴＩＭＡＬＥＳＴＩＭＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＯＦＧＲＯＵＮＤＷＡＴＥＲＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮＤｕａｎＸｉａｎｇ－ｂａｏ（ＮａｍｉｎｇＨｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，Ｎａｍｉｎ...     

地下水污染运移数值模拟及最优估计

本文基于剖开算子法，提出耦合求解地下水流方程和污染运移方程的数值方法，并Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波技术在地下水污染研究中的应用。计算例表明，本文所提数值方法及Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波理论的应用，能够避免数值模拟过程中的不良现象，大大提高计算精度，更好地应用于实际工程。     

山西柳林泉局部区域溶质运移二维数值模拟

本文建立了用于描述柳林泉域地下水中氯离子运移行为的局部区域二维可混溶溶质运移模型。模型考虑了地下水中溶解盐分浓度变化引起的地下水密度的改变，及其导致的地下水水头的变化。该模型计算值与观测资料基本一致，说明所建模型可以用于实际。据此用所建模型预报了柳林电厂水源地投入使用后对区域地下水位和水质的影响。     

渗流作用下边坡自稳临界高度计算

大多边坡中存在地下水,渗流是影响边坡稳定性的关键因素之一。由经典的土力学理论,在存在地表超载和地下水渗流情况下,推导出了计算岩土体自稳临界高度的一系列公式,扩展了经典的计算公式应用范围,证明了地下水渗流不改变边坡潜在滑动面的位置但减少了岩土体自稳临界高度。研究成果可用于自然边坡、填土边坡、堤坝边坡、已知滑动面的滑坡、基坑开挖边坡的稳定性评价。     

DESIGN OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL MONITORING NETWORK WITH ORDINARY KRIGING

The primary network of groundwater level observation wells aims at realizing a regional groundwater management policy. It may give a regional picture of groundwater level with emphasis on the natural situation. Observation data from the primary network can be used to estimate the actual state of groundwater system. Since the cost of the installation and maintenance of a groundwater monitoring network is extremely high, the assessment of effectiveness of the network becomes very necessary. Groundwater level monitoring networks are the examples of discontinuous sampling on variables presenting spatial continuity and highly skewed frequency distributions. Anywhere in the aquifer, ordinary kriging provides estimates of the variable sampled and a standard error of the estimate. In this article, the average Kriging standard deviation was used as a criterion for the determination of network density,and the GIS-based approach was analysized. A case study of groundwater level network simulation in the Chaiwopu Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, was presented. In the case study, the initial phreatic water observation wells were 18, a comparison of the three variogram parameters of the three defferent variogram models shows that the Gaussian model is the best. Finally, a network with 55 wells was constructed.     

GIS技术在水文地质领域的应用进展

地理信息系统(GIS)是水文地质研究的一个重要工具,地理信息系统在水文地质领域的应用是水文地质研究的热点之一。在总结近年来国内外大量相关研究成果的基础上,从基于GIS的地下水资源评价、地下水资源管理、地面沉降、地下水水质评价及污染物分析、水文地质调查、地下水保护,以及GIS与数值模拟技术的结合等方面介绍了地理信息系统在水文地质领域的最新应用,提出了GIS在水文地质领域应用存在的问题,并对今后GIS在水文地质领域的应用进行了展望。指出,今后应加强GIS与地下水模型及分布式水文模型的集成、基于GIS的地下水系统仿真三维或四维可视化、网络GIS技术的应用,以及流域水资源综合管理评价系统的建立等方面的研究。     

Simulation-Optimization Modelling for Sustainable Groundwater Management in a Coastal Basin of Orissa, India

The Balasore coastal groundwater basin of Orissa in eastern India is under a serious threat of overdraft and seawater intrusion. Two optimization models were developed in this study for the efficient utilization of water resources in Balasore basin during non-monsoon periods: (a) a non-linear hydraulic management model for optimal pumpage, and (b) a linear optimization model for optimal cropping pattern in integration with a calibrated and validated groundwater flow simulation model. Based on the simulation-optimization modeling results, optimal pumping schedules, cropping patterns, and corresponding groundwater conditions are presented for three scenarios viz., wet, normal and dry years. It was found that optimal pumping schedules and corresponding cropping patterns differed significantly under the three scenarios, and the groundwater levels improved significantly under the optimal hydraulic conditions compared to the existing condition. In dry years, the groundwater levels under the present pumping pattern and the optimal pumpage indicated that the non-monsoon pumpage should not exceed the optimal pumpage in the absence of remedial measures in the basin. It is concluded that in order to ensure sustainable groundwater utilization in the basin, the optimal cropping pattern and pumping schedule should be adopted by the farmers.     

Some simple management criteria for confined Saq aquifer in Tabuk region,Saudi Arabia

A simple management model for irregularly located wells is presented by considering interference between adjacent wells at a certain risk level and safe groundwater velocity which depends mainly on the hydraulic conductivity at individual well sites. The final decision variables for a confined aquifer are the maximum allowable discharge, velocity, and drawdown quantities. Regional variations of these quantities are presented in the form of maps which are most useful tools for identifying mismanagement areas and, accordingly, the necessary precautions can be taken. The application of the management model is performed with the actual field data from the Saq formation in the north-western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

具有周期变化和下降趋势的地下水位的预测

应用门限自回归 (TRA)模型解决具有周期性变化和下降趋势的地下水位的预测问题 ,可以有效地利用地下水位资料所隐含的时序分段相关性 ,起到限制模型误差 ,保证模型预测性能的稳定性 ,提高预测精度的作用     

ESTIMATION OF WATER TABLE ELEVATION BY UNIVERSAL COKRIGING

When water resource or quality problems assoelated with phreatic water in geological settings are studied,information about water table elevations is often crucial. In those eases where the water table is a subdued replica of the ground surface, universal cokriging can be used to estimate water table elevations at un sampled locations on the basis of water table and ground surface elevation measurements obrained at well locations. In this paper, universal cokriging,with ground surface elevation considered as a co variate, was used to estimate water table elevations. Universal cokriging equations were derived, an iterative method for obtaining experimental variograms was established, and a ease study of an initial groundwater flow simulation in the Xiuwu County,Henan Province, China, was presented. In the ease study,the initial groundwater flow regime was represented both by universal cokriging with the ground surface elevation serving as a covariate and by universal kriging without the inclusion of ground surface elevation as a covariate. A comparison of the results from these two approaches shows that groundwater levels of phreatic water at locations without measurements in regions with unconsolidated porous media can be estimated more accurately by universal cokriging.     

地下水污染曝气修复技术进展

从曝气流型和组分反应传质两方面总结了地下水污染曝气修复技术的研究进展,提出已有研究在地下水流及土壤介质特性与曝气流型相互影响、脉冲曝气机理、曝气-抽提技术联用研究、生物降解作用等方面存在的问题,并探讨该技术未来可能的研究方向,指出该技术在技术改良、工程优化设计及机理研究三方面存在深入研究的空间,为进一步研究和应用推广提供参考依据。     

Optimal Locations of Groundwater Extractions in Coastal Aquifers

A regional water supply management model for coastal aquifers was developed. One of its outcomes is the definition of the optimized locations for groundwater withdrawal. Such a tool permits the analysis of alternative plans for groundwater extraction and the sustainable use of water resources in a coastal aquifer subject to saltwater intrusion. The principal components are the evolutionary optimization and the analytical/numerical simulation models. The optimization technique looks for the best well locations taking into consideration the economic results and the satisfaction of the societal water demand. However these two concerns are conditioned by trying to control the saltwater intrusion, i.e., preserving the environmental equilibrium. The simulation model uses the governing mathematical equations for groundwater movement to find the interface between freshwater and saltwater. Because of the non-linearity in the system and the possibility of a jumping interface, a security distance was defined. This is a controlling variable which can be set by the decision makers. The model was applied to a typical case with interesting results. For example, diagrams showing the relationship between the location of the wells and the security distance(s) are of importance to the managers. It was also crucial to have an understanding of the tradeoffs between groundwater withdrawals, positions of the wells from the coast line, and the security distance. The model was also applied to a real case in order to relate the extractions, distances and artificial recharge (not presented in this paper).     

Planning Groundwater Development in Coastal Deltas with Paleo Channels

In this study, a management model is presented for planning groundwater development in costal deltas with paleo channels. It is demonstrated that paleo channels are the best locations for locating the wells for large-scale pumping. Groundwater flow in these aquifers is simulated using a three-dimensional (3-D) density-dependent flow and transport model SEAWAT, which is suitable for a coastal and deltaic environment. A simulation-optimization model is used to determine the optimal locations and pumpages for groundwater development for a group of production wells, while limiting the salinity below desired levels. The mixed integer problem is solved using the Simulated Annealing algorithm and the SEAWAT simulation model. A trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used as the virtual SEAWAT model to perform the simulations, in order to reduce the computational burden for application of the model on desktop computers. The applicability of the model is demonstrated on a hypothetical, but near-real, delta system.     

河南省主要城市地下水超采区评价

在分析近期地下水观测、调查资料成果的基础上,描述了城市区域水文地质特性,并对17座主要城市不同含水层的年均地下水补给量、可开采量和实际开采量进行了计算评价。按照地下水超采区评价方法,划分出26处地下水超采区;提出了超采区地下水开发利用和管理的建议。