TM electromagnetic scattering by a transparent wedge with resistivefaces

The Sommerfeld-Maliuzhinets (1958) method is used to calculate the total fields in the interior and exterior regions of an arbitrarily angled resistive wedge. A E-plane wave (TM mode) normally illuminates the two-dimensional resistive wedge. Two spectral functions are introduced to represent the fields in both regions. By imposing the resistive boundary conditions on the wedge faces, a system of coupled functional equations is obtained for the two unknown spectral functions. The functional equations are reduced to singular integral equations for the auxiliary functions. The predictions for a right-angled resistive wedge are shown to be in good agreement with measurements     

Improvement of Resistive Switching Characteristics in $hbox{SrZrO}_{3}$ Thin Films With Embedded Cr Layer

The stabilization of the resistive switching properties is necessary to realize the memory application of the SrZrO₃(SZO)-based resistive switching devices. During continuous resistive switching cycle, broad variations of the resistive switching parameters of the SZO-based memory devices can be improved by a thin embedded Cr layer. The Cr metal layer is proposed to diffuse into and dope the SZO thin film to produce the space charge region, further reducing the effective resistive switching region. Hence, the good stabilization of the resistive switching properties can be obtained in the SZO films with embedded Cr layer.     

Integral equation formulations for imperfectly conducting scatterers

Integral equation formulations are presented for characterizing the electromagnetic (EM) scattering interaction for nonmetallic surfaced bodies. Three different boundary conditions are considered for the surfaces: namely, the impedance (Leontovich), the resistive sheet, and its dual, the magnetically conducting sheet boundary. The integral equation formulations presented for a general geometry are specialized for bodies of revolution and solved with the method of moments (MM). The current expansion functions, which are chosen, result in a symmetric system of equations. This system is expressed in terms of two Galerkin matrix operators that have special properties. The solutions of the integral equation for the impedance boundary at internal resonances of the associated perfectly conducting scatterer are examined. The results are compared with the Mie solution for impedance-coated spheres and with the MM solutions of the electric, magnetic, and combined field formulations for impedance-coated bodies.     

Shifted-frequency internal equivalence

The shifted frequency internal equivalence (SFIE) theorem involving inhomogeneous regions is introduced and proven. For a lossless inhomogeneous region using a vector Green's theorem and potential formulation, it is shown that the frequency-domain electromagnetic field at frequency ω inside the region can be obtained using a set of equivalent volume and surface currents radiating in free space and at the different frequency ω₀. The equivalent currents thus obtained are functions of the two frequencies, electric- and magnetic-volume-type sources of the original problem, material parameters, and the original field phasors at ω, and they only exist inside the region and on its boundary. A direct application of this equivalence is that it can be used to construct an internal equivalence at a shifted frequency for electromagnetic scattering problems if data are needed in a band of frequency. ω₀ can be kept constant while the incident field frequency changes and, as a result, full computation of fields at each different frequency for volume-type equivalent sources can be avoided     

A resistive sheet approximation for mesh reflector antennas

A simplified method of estimating the equivalent surface resistance of a reflecting mesh is presented. The equivalent resistance is obtained from the approximate mesh reflection coefficients, which are based on averaged boundary conditions. This resistance approximation allows an integral equation solution for the mesh reflector that is a simple extension of that for the perfectly conducting reflector. Paraboloid radiation patterns using physical optics in conjunction with the reflection coefficients are compared to an E-field integral equation solution for a resistive surface. The agreement is excellent for low to moderate resistance values, even in the sidelobe regions     

MoM/BI-RME analysis of boxed MMICs with arbitrarily shapedmetallizations

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the analysis of shielded microstrip circuits, composed of a number of thin metallic areas with arbitrary shapes and finite conductivity, embedded in a multilayered lossy medium. The analysis is based on the solution of an integral equation (IE) obtained by enforcing the proper boundary condition to the electric field on the metallic areas. The IE is solved by using the method of moments with entire domain basis functions, which are numerically determined by the boundary integral-resonant-mode expansion (BI-RME) method. The use of the BI-RME method allows for the efficient calculation of the basis functions independently on the shape of the domain, thus permitting the analysis of a wide class of circuits. Two examples demonstrate the accuracy, rapidity, and flexibility of the proposed method     

A method for investigating a class of inhomogeneous striplinecirculators

Broad-band stripline circulators are studied by means of a mixed numerical technique which employs both boundary integral and segmentation methods; this technique allows the analysis of planar circuits where the substrate is constituted by several regions with arbitrary shapes and different electrical properties. It is known that tracking circulators require matching structures because they present a low-gyrator impedance (real and almost constant in an octave frequency band). The matching structures (generally tapers or multisection's transmission line transformers) must be realized on a reciprocal substrate. The overall device (circular disk on ferrite substrate and matching structure on dielectric substrate) constitutes a planar circuit with an inhomogeneous medium. The method of study presented here allows the determination of the overall impedance matrix of the planar circuit constituted by the nonreciprocal disk with sections of striplines connected to each port; in this way, the discontinuities between reciprocal and nonreciprocal medium are included in characterization of the overall device. Moreover the accuracy of the representation is increased, In fact, the coupling ports of the overall device may be located at a suitable distance from the disk boundary where higher-order modes excited by the discontinuities have been sufficiently attenuated and only the TEM mode is present on the striplines (which is the only one considered in the design of the matching structures)     

Electromagnetic scattering by an inhomogeneous penetrable material with an embedded resistive sheet

This paper presents the method of moments (mom) formulation for the electromagnetic scattering by an inhomogeneous penetrable material with an embedded resistive sheet. Triangular surface facets and tetrahedral volume cells are used to discretize the scatterer allowing for greater flexibility in the geometric modeling of the material body. The formulation is very general in that it allows for a variety of material configurations : open or closed conducting surfaces, open or closed resistive (thin dielectric) surfaces, solid dielectric/ferrite material volumes, embedded conducting/resistive surfaces in material volumes, and partially embedded conducting/resistive surfaces (cladded materials). Results for a material coated resistive spherical shell and a material propeller blade are presented.     

Two-dimensional surface integral representations for a rotationallyinvariant anisotropic medium: applications to scattering

The Huygens' principle is presented for an electromagnetic field in a rotationally invariant anisotropic region. The representation is investigated by deriving surface integral equations for scattering, resulting, for instance, in scattering formulations for an impedance body and for a perfectly conducting electric sheet (both embedded in the anisotropic material). Validation is accomplished via application to a canonical geometry     

Reliability Modeling and Assessment of Embedded Capacitors in Organic Substrates

Understanding and quantifying the RLC characteristics of the embedded passives under thermomechanical deformation during fabrication and accelerated thermal conditions is necessary for their successful implementation. Embedded passives are composite layers with dissimilar material properties compared to the neighboring layers in the integral substrate. The ongoing project explores the fabrication, multifield physics-based reliability modeling and accelerated testing of embedded passive test vehicles. As a first step, in this paper, the effect of thermomechanical deformation on the electrical characteristics of embedded capacitors is studied at frequencies from 100 KHz to 2 GHz using two test vehicles. Test vehicles with embedded passives were fabricated and were subjected to accelerated thermal cycles between -55degC to 125degC, between -40degC to 125degC and high humidity and temperature conditions of 85degC/85% RH. Significant changes in the electrical parameters of the embedded capacitors are observed. The fabrication process mechanics with multiphysics global-local modeling methodology is demonstrated to study the effect of thermal cycling on the electrical characteristics of embedded capacitors. The results obtained from the multiphysics global-local modeling methodology are validated against the measured electrical characteristics of the fabricated functional test boards. The effect of changes in electrical parameters of embedded passives on system performance of low-pass filters is presented     

Single integral equation for electromagnetic scattering bythree-dimensional homogeneous dielectric objects

A single integral equation formulation for electromagnetic scattering by three-dimensional (3-D) homogeneous dielectric objects is developed. In this formulation, a single effective electric current on the surface S of a dielectric object is used to generate the scattered fields in the interior region. The equivalent electric and magnetic currents for the exterior region are obtained by enforcing the continuity of the tangential fields across S. A single integral equation for the effective electric current is obtained by enforcing the vanishing of the total field due to the exterior equivalent currents inside S. The single integral equation is solved by the method of moments. Numerical results for a dielectric sphere obtained with this method are in good agreement with the exact results. Furthermore, the convergence speed of the iterative solution of the matrix equation in this formulation is significantly greater than that of the coupled integral equations formulation     

Scattering by Conducting Bodies Coated With Bi-Isotropic Materials

Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped conducting bodies coated with general bi-isotropic materials is formulated in terms of the surface integral equation method. In order to facilitate the implementation of the surface equivalence principle, a field decomposition scheme is utilized to split a bi-isotropic media into two equivalent isotropic media. By enforcing the boundary condition on the interfaces of the body, a set of coupled integral equations is finally obtained for the unknown surface currents and then numerically solved using the moment methods combined with the vector triangular basis function. The fast multipole technique has been embedded into the algorithm to accelerate the solution process. The validity of theoretical formulations is verified by numerical results and their comparisons. The calculated results for bi-isotropically coated conducting spheres and oblate spheroids are compared with the exact solution and the existing data, and excellent agreements are observed.     

Eigenmode analysis of dielectric loaded top-hat monopole antennas

Eigenmode expansions are used for computing the currents on a dielectric loaded top-hat monopole radiating above an infinite conducting ground plane. The approach is facilitated by adding a parallel ground plane above the antenna, thus allowing use of cylindrical harmonic field expansions in each of three regions. Expansion coefficients are found by enforcing boundary and continuity conditions at conducting surfaces and regional interfaces. Convergence and accuracy are assessed using comparisons with three other methodologies, namely an integral equation solution, a quasi-static analysis, and multi-octave experimental measurements     

Maximal angles of purely resistive systems

The geometry of Hilbert space suggests the natural concept of an angle associated with every performance of any Hilbert input-output system. A physical interpretation of this angle is suggested. In particular, it is shown (theorem 1) that the purely resistive n-ports are "sectorial operators." Every resistive n-port has a maximal angle which cannot be excelled by any forced regime.     

An open surface integral formulation for electromagnetic scattering by material plates

Using the surface equivalence theorem, four coupled integral equations are developed for electromagnetic scattering by a thin material plate. Using symmetry properties, it is shown that these equations can be written as open surface integral equations. Surface impedance relationships are obtained and used to eliminate two of the four integral equations. The remaining two equations are solved using the method of moments (MM). Numerical results for penetrable and impenetrable material plates are in reasonable agreement with measurements.     

The resistance of an infinite slab with a disc electrode as a mixed boundary value problem

We consider the resistance of an infinite slab of material with a disc contact source on one side and with current collected over the entire back plane. By imposing the boundary condition of a constant potential over the source region, the problem becomes one of mixed boundary conditions, requiring the solution of a pair of dual integral equations. These equations are solved in terms of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.Calculations of the resistance are performed for values of slab thicknesses ranging from 0·05 to 4 times the disc contact radius, and the solutions obtained agree closely with Foxhall and Lewis' electrolytic tank measurements. The results are used to establish the range of validity of two approximate methods previously proposed for correction factor calculations in spreading resistance measurements on semiconductor device structures.     

A Theoretical Analysis of Discrete Reflecting Beam Waveguide with Parabolic Cylindrical Reflectors

A discrete reflecting beam waveguide with parabolic cylindrical reflectors, proposed by M. Kamimura, is theoretically analyzed. Electric field elementary waves on the reflector and the exciting primary electric field from the launcher are represented in the elliptic cylindrical coordinate system, and boundary conditions on the reflector are introduced to derive simultaneous integral equations regarding the reflector current. By solving these integral equations approximately, the integral representation of the secondary electric field in the beam waveguide is obtained, and poles and residues of the integrand are calculated to obtain the propagation constant of the beam waveguide and beam waveguide modes. The beam waveguide mode reflected toward the transmitting side when an obstacle is placed in the beam waveguide is obtained.     

Computing scattering amplitudes for arbitrary cylinders under incident plane waves

A numerical method to compute scattering amplitudes for time harmonic waves scattered from infinite cylinders with arbitrary uniform cross section is described. A nonlocal boundary condition is used to develop a variational formulation of the scattering problem, and the finite element method is applied to determine approximations to the near field. Scattering amplitudes are then determined by means of an integral representation obtained from Green's formula and properties of the nonlocal boundary operator. Computational results are presented to illustrate the method's application.     

On current spreading in solar cells: a two-parameter tube model

The phenomenon of current spreading is essential for concentrator solar cells since it limits the conversion efficiency at high sunlight-concentration ratios. A model, which describes the regularities of the above phenomenon, is proposed and developed. The model uses a stylized representation of current lines and, respectively, of current tubes; it includes two resistive parameters accounting for the variable lateral (horizontal) component and the constant vertical component of the resistance of each tube. In the model the fact that the thickness of the spreading region is much less than the distance between the contact grid strips is taken into account. The calculated current—voltage (I–V) characteristics of a solar cell in the resistive and a nonresistive cases are obtained. The spreading-resistance I–V characteristic obtained by the voltage subtraction of these characteristics is nonlinear and depends on the photogenerated current. Thus, the equivalent electrical circuit of a solar cell includes a lumped nonlinear resistance, which depends parametrically on the photogenerated current. The comparison of experimental and calculated I–V characteristics by the example of Ge, GaAs, and GaInP solar cells is performed and both resistive parameters of the model are determined. The model describes correctly the regularities of spreading in single-junction solar cells and can be extended to multijunction solar cells.