60Co辐照预处理对苹果片脱水特性和品质的影响

进行了不同辐照剂量、热风温度、切片厚度对苹果脱水速率及品质的影响试验,结果表明该三因子影响苹果片的脱水速率和外观质量.辐照剂量增加,热风温度增高,脱水速率高,VC含量和复水比下降.辐照剂量、热风温度、切片厚度三因素对脱水速率和干制品的外观质量、VC含量、复水比等四指标大都呈显著影响.     

猕猴桃热风干燥与冷冻干燥的实验研究

本研究对真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥猕猴桃切片进行了对比实验,比较了不同冷冻干燥工艺和热风干燥工艺下猕猴桃VC损失率和干燥速率。实验发现热风干燥实验中,厚度、温度和对流情况三个因素对干燥速率和VC损失率两个指标都有显著影响(p<0.01)。最佳猕猴桃热风干燥工艺条件是:猕猴桃切片厚度取中间值6mm,温度取高值70℃,对流情况取加风。冷冻干燥实验中,厚度、一次干燥温度对干燥速率有显著影响(p<0.05),冻结速率无显著影响。厚度、一次干燥温度和降温速率对VC损失率有显著影响(p<0.05)。最佳猕猴桃真空冷冻干燥工艺条件是:猕猴桃切片厚度取中间值8mm,一次干燥温度-10℃,冻结降温速率取快速冻结。热风干燥的平均干燥速率远远大于冻干实验结果。冷冻干燥的VC损失率大大小于热风干燥过程。     

辣椒渗透脱水处理及渗后热风干燥特性及品质分析

以脱水率、固形物获取率、脱水率与固形物获取率比值、有效水分扩散系数、活化能、VC保留率、辣度、复水比、复原率和感官评价为考察指标,通过渗透脱水实验、渗后热风干燥实验和复水实验,考察了辣椒的渗透脱水特性、渗后热风干燥特性、复水特性和品质。结果表明:随着渗透温度的升高或渗透液中食盐含量的增加,辣椒的脱水率和固形物获取率增大。对渗透后的辣椒样品进行热风干燥处理发现,热风温度是影响热风干燥的最主要因素,其次是风速。辣椒样品的有效水分扩散系数随着温度的升高而增大,在风速为1.8 m/s的条件下,直接热风干燥辣椒样品和渗后热风干燥辣椒样品的活化能分别为(53.25±1.08)k J/mol和(44.42±0.88)k J/mol。渗后热风干燥样品的有效水分扩散系数、VC保留率、辣度、复水比和复原率均高于直接热风干燥样品,渗后热风干燥样品的复水特性和品质更好。     

红肉苹果片穿流式热风薄层干燥特性及数学模型

以新疆红肉苹果为试材,研究不同切片厚度、热风温度及热风速率下苹果切片的干燥特性,通过Origin8.0软件对试验数据进行数学模型拟合,得到红肉苹果片的热风薄层干燥模型。结果表明,热风温度、切片厚度和热风风速对红肉苹果片的干燥特性均有一定影响,热风温度对其影响程度最为显著。热风温度越高,切片厚度越小,风速越大,红肉苹果片的干燥速率越大。综合而言,在热风温度80℃、切片厚度2 mm、热风速度1.5m/s时,红肉苹果片干燥速率最大。所选6个数学模型均可以较好地阐述红肉苹果片在热风薄层干燥过程中的水分变化规律,其中Page模型具有最高的R~2值、最低均方根误差RMSE及卡方值χ~2,更适于评估红肉苹果片干燥过程中的水分脱除规律。     

基于综合加权法优化金桔片热风干燥工艺

为得到综合质量高的金桔热风干燥产品,对热风干燥工艺进行优化。以新鲜成熟的金桔为原料,研究金桔片的厚度、热风干燥温度和干燥风速对金桔片干燥过程和最终品质的影响。在进行正交试验后,基于综合加权法确定金桔热风干燥的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,干燥温度是影响金桔片Vc质量分数的重要因素,金桔片的切片厚度和热风干燥温度对干燥速率、复水比和单位耗能均有显著影响,最终得到金桔片热风干燥最佳工艺为切片厚度2 mm、温度为70℃、风速为0.8km/h。     

冬瓜热风干燥工艺优化

为确定冬瓜热风干燥过程中的最佳工艺参数组合,对冬瓜热风干燥进行试验研究,探讨了切片厚度、烫漂时间和热风干燥温度对冬瓜含水率、干燥速率的影响,在单因素的基础上,通过响应面分析切片厚度、烫漂时间及干燥温度与干制产品的复水性、色泽、Vc保留率以及干燥时间之间的关系,建立二次回归数学模型,确定了冬瓜热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合。结果表明:冬瓜切片厚度、烫漂时间和热风干燥温度对干燥时间、复水比、色泽和Vc保留率均有显著影响,冬瓜热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合为切片厚度2 mm,烫漂时间60 s,干燥温度50℃。     

香菇中短波红外干燥工艺优化

以香菇为原料,采用响应面法优化香菇中短波红外干燥工艺。在单因素试验基础上,根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理,选取干燥温度、切片厚度和辐照距离进行三因素三水平试验,分析干燥温度、切片厚度和辐照距离对香菇片色泽L、复水性、硬度、氨基酸及总糖含量的影响及因素间交互作用对指标的影响,并建立各指标的二次回归方程,确定中短波红外干燥香菇片的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：干燥温度是影响香菇干燥品质的主要因素,随着温度的升高香菇色泽L、复水比、硬度、氨基酸及总糖含量下降;其次是切片厚度,随着切片厚度增加香菇色泽L、复水比、总糖含量减少,而氨基酸含量先增后减。干燥香菇的最佳工艺条件为：干燥温度55 ℃、切片厚度4.5 mm、辐照距离120 mm。在此条件下得到香菇色泽L为58.56、复水比为5.32、硬度为495.63 g、氨基酸含量为818.12 mg/100 g、总糖含量为281.37 mg/g,与理论预测值无显著性差异。     

昭通苹果脆片热风干燥特性及动力学模型研究

为研究苹果脆片的热风干燥特性,以昭通苹果为原料,探究切片厚度、热风温度和装样量三个因素对昭通苹果脆片热风干燥特性的影响,并建立热风干燥动力学模型;通过研究8种不同的苹果脆片护色原理,探寻最佳的苹果脆片护色方法。结果表明:复合护色剂+超声波组合护色效果最好,感官评价分值为88.125分,高于其他护色组别;热风干燥过程中苹果切片厚度、热风温度和装样量均对苹果脆片干燥速率产生较大影响,苹果切片厚度越小,热风温度越高,装样量越少,热风干燥速率越大;苹果片的热风干燥过程分为升速及降速两个干燥阶段,无恒速阶段;采用6种薄层干燥数学模型对苹果脆片的热风干燥过程的实验数据进行拟合和验证发现, Logarithmic模型的拟合度最高,可用于描述与预测苹果脆片热风干燥过程中水分变化规律。     

热风微波耦合干燥鲜枣的研究

为获得干燥速率快、品质高、能耗小的鲜果干燥技术,以鲜枣为试材,采用自行设计的热风微波耦合干燥机对鲜枣进行了热风微波耦合干燥工艺研究。以微波功率、热风温度、载重为实验因素,研究其对枣干燥速率的影响;利用极差分析各因素对枣干燥速度、复水比和维生素C含量的影响。结果表明,耦合干燥各因素对干燥速率及干燥产品质量均有明显影响,影响各指标的主次顺序为微波功率>载重>热风温度。因此,热风微波耦合干燥相比微波干燥和热风干燥,可以获得干燥速率快、VC含量高、复水性能良好的优质产品。     

黄芪切片热风干燥特性及动力学模型研究

分别研究热风温度(40,50,60℃)、风速(0.4,0.8,1.2m/s)和切片厚度(3,6,9mm)对黄芪切片热风干燥曲线、有效水分扩散系数、复水比和色差的影响,利用Weibull分布函数对试验数据进行拟合,并计算黄芪切片热风干燥活化能。结果表明:黄芪切片热风干燥属于降速干燥过程,热风温度和切片厚度对干燥时间影响较大,干燥过程服从Weibull分布函数(R~2=0.995 1~0.999 2);有效水分扩散系数为0.321×10~(-7)~1.178×10~(-7) m~2/s,热风温度和切片厚度对其影响较大,呈正相关性;干燥活化能为56.49kJ/mol,说明干燥操作较易实现;黄芪切片干制品复水比为2.02~2.43,随热风温度的升高而减小,随切片厚度的增加而增大;色差为1.96~7.01,随热风温度和风速的增加而增大,随切片厚度的增加而减小。     

正交试验优化苹果片低氧热泵干燥工艺

以红富士苹果作为实验材料,以氮气为干燥介质置换空气降低设备中氧体积分数,研究了温度、切片厚度、氧体积分数和风速对苹果片热泵干燥速率、L值、VC和总酚含量等指标的影响,正交试验结果表明：最佳干燥工艺参数为干燥温度55 ℃、切片厚度5 mm、氧体积分数5%,干燥后苹果片水分含量为5.83%,L值为83.01,VC含量为3.68 mg/100 g,总酚含量为68.26 mg/100 g。     

真空冷东干燥工艺参数对三文鱼片脱水率的影响研究

建立了冻千过程中,三文鱼片厚度、箱内真空度和加热搁板温度对脱水率综合影响的数学模型,采用回归分析的方法,确定了三文鱼片脱水率的主要影响因素,并推导出了一定工艺条件下,三文鱼片含水量动态变化的预测模型.     

低糖苹果果脯微波渗糖工艺影响因素研究

采用单因素和L9(34)正交试验研究预处理方式、切片厚度和渗糖时间等因素对低糖苹果果脯微波渗糖效果的影响,通过测定微波渗糖过程中的含糖量变化以及产品感官品质来确定最佳微波渗糖工艺。结果表明：果片经预冻处理,微波渗糖效果最佳;使用30% 微波火力(240W)渗糖40min,果脯既可以保持较高的含糖量,并且产品晶莹透明、口感纯正;控制苹果切片厚度为6mm,微波渗糖效果最好。综合方差分析表明,使用质量分数2%的盐水浸泡切片厚度6mm 的苹果果片2h,在30% 微波火力下渗糖40min,渗糖效果最好。     

黄秋葵真空干燥行为及干燥参数的响应面试验优化

为得到品质较高的黄秋葵干制品,采用真空干燥处理黄秋葵,直至其水分含量低于（5±0.5）%（湿基含水率）。采用含水率、复水比、灰度、总色差以及VC含量等指标来评价黄秋葵真空干燥过程中的品质特性,并通过非线性拟合得到适用于黄秋葵真空干燥的水分比变化的数学模型。为得到干燥速率快、品质高的干燥参数,以干燥温度、系统压强和切片厚度为试验因素,以干燥速率和VC含量为指标对黄秋葵真空干燥参数进行响应面试验优化。此外,采用模糊数学法对最佳干燥参数条件下的黄秋葵干制品进行感官评定。结果表明：Logarithmic模型能够描述出黄秋葵真空干燥过程中水分比的变化规律;干燥温度、系统压强、切片厚度分别为60 ℃、18 kPa和10 mm时黄秋葵综合加权评分值最高为0.911,该干燥条件下黄秋葵真空干燥的平均干燥速率和VC含量分别为1.059 kg/（kg·h）和8.315 mg/100 g干物质,均处于一个较高的水平。同时,通过模糊数学分析发现最佳参数组合条件下的产品能够被消费者接受。     

Processing and quality characteristics of apple slices processed under simultaneous infrared dry-blanching and dehydration with intermittent heating

This study investigated the effects of three processing parameters, e.g. product surface temperature, slice thickness and processing time, on blanching and dehydration characteristics of apple slices exposed to simultaneous infrared dry-blanching and dehydration (SIRDBD) with intermittent heating. A three-factor factorial experiment design was conducted to determine the influence of processing parameters on product temperature, moisture reduction, drying rate, residual polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities and surface color change. Slice thickness had a significant effect on product quality and processing characteristics, as faster inactivation of enzymes and quicker moisture reduction took place in thinner slices. A Page model performed well for describing drying behavior during the treatment, and first-order kinetics and a biphasic model fit well for PPO and POD inactivation, respectively. Surface color changes (ΔE) of apple slices during prolonged heating resulted from non-enzymatic browning with an increase in b value was observed. In order to achieve a 1 log reduction in POD activity, the process resulted in a reduction in moisture from 20% to 59% and in ΔE from 2.27 to 5.59. It is suggested that SIRDBD with intermittent heating could be used as an alternative to manufacture high quality blanched and partially dehydrated fruits and vegetables.     

响应曲面法优化柠檬干片护色剂配方的研究

利用响应曲面法研究柠檬干片的最佳复合护色剂组合。在单因素试验的基础上,选取柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、氯化钙为因素,以柠檬片褐变抑制率为评价指标,采用响应曲面法研究模拟得到复合护色剂对柠檬干片褐变抑制率的回归方程,确定最佳护色组合为柠檬酸为2.3%、L-半胱氨酸0.3%、氯化钙1.9%。在此条件下,柠檬干片的褐变抑制率为64.87%。并将其与未添加护色剂的柠檬干片进行对比,其脱水率、复水比均无较大差异,VC含量高于未添加护色剂的柠檬干片。     

苹果热风干燥工艺优化和特性分析

为提高苹果片的热风干燥品质,采用超声波和护色剂（0.1%的NaCl、1.0%的蔗糖和0.8%的海藻糖）的预处理方法,并以热风温度、切片厚度和预处理作为试验因素,对苹果片进行热风干燥的正交实验研究并建立了苹果片热风干燥特性的数学模型。结果表明:干燥速率随切片厚度的减少、热风温度的升高而增加,超声波和护色剂都能促进干燥过程;苹果片最佳热风干燥工艺参数为热风温度为60℃,厚度为1.5 mm以及预处理方式为护色剂浸泡预处理;Weibull是模拟苹果片热风干燥特性的最优模型,干燥过程苹果片的有效扩散系数为1.1278×10-8~5.2940×10-8 m2·s-1。此次研究为实际苹果热风干燥提供依据。     

Microwave drying characteristics of potato and the effect of different microwave powers on the dried quality of potato

Little detailed information is available on the microwave drying characteristics of potato and the use of different microwave powers to dry food products. Experiments were conducted to study the microwave drying characteristics and the dried quality of potato. The study focuses on describing the microwave drying characteristics of potato and discussing the effect of sample thickness, drying power and mass. The results show that if the power level increases, the mass load decreases and the thickness of the sample decreases, the dehydration rate increases and the drying energy consumption decreases. There are two falling rate periods during microwave drying of potato: the first falling rate period is for a moisture content of more then 1.1 (dry basis, DB); the second falling rate period is for a moisture content of less than 1.1 (DB). The same water loss will consume more energy when the moisture content is less than 1.1 (DB). A two-stage drying process was employed during microwave drying of potato. The microwave power of the first drying stage differed form that of the second drying stage. The moisture content of the breakpoint for the conversion of the first drying stage into the second drying stage is a moisture content of 1.1 (DB). A quadratic orthogonal regression experiment was conducted, and the effects of slice thickness, the first drying load power and the second drying load power on sensory quality, the rehydration ratio and the energy consumption rate were established. The slice thickness, the first drying load power and the second drying load power linearly affected the three indices. The effect of the product of the second drying load power and the potato slice thickness on the rehydration ratio and the energy consumption rate is significant. The optimum drying parameter combination for the three indices was obtained. The rehydration ratio of the dried products decreased with an increase of the second drying load power and the slice thickness. The concave curves of the sensory quality versus the three factors were shown.     

红心火龙果热风干燥动力学模型及品质变化

为提高红心火龙果干燥效率及产品品质,研究了不同火龙果片厚度（6、8、10、12?mm）和干燥温度（50、60、70、80?℃）条件下火龙果片干燥特性和品质变化。结果表明：厚度越小,干燥温度越高,火龙果片的干燥速率越快,干燥时间越短。通过模型拟合发现,Page模型能够较好地反映热风干燥过程中火龙果片水分比随厚度和干燥温度的变化。红心火龙果片有效水分扩散系数在3.537?4×10－10～19.942?6×10－10?m2/s之间;厚度为6、8、10、12?mm时,对应的活化能分别为32.985?7、27.086?1、26.889?4、17.792?9?kJ/mol。在干燥温度70?℃、切片厚度6?mm、干燥时间6?h下,火龙果片的总酚含量和抗氧化能力较高。干燥温度和切片厚度对火龙果片色泽影响不明显。     

The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the drying characteristics and final quality of dried potato slices

γ irradiation is known to be effective when used to reduce post‐harvest losses and control micro‐organisms and insects in stored products. It has been commonly used for processing dehydrated vegetables and fruits. However, few studies have been reported on the use of a γ irradiation treatment combined with a drying process. This study focuses on improving current technology as well as introducing a new technology by which bioproducts, dried by hot‐air, are pretreated with γ irradiation. Experiments were done to study the influence of irradiation dose air temperature and slice thickness on the dehydration rate and internal temperature of irradiated potato. These three factors were found to affect the dehydration rate and internal temperature of the potato, with an increase in irradiation dose, increasing the rate of dehydration and the internal temperature. The greater the dose, the lower the vitamin C content and the lower the rehydration ratio. The L‐colour values of the dried‐product under low dose irradiation were greater than for non‐irradiation, and at >6 kGy, the higher the dose, the lower the L‐value.