肿柄菊有机肥料的研究进展

肿柄菊作为有机肥料可以显著提高旱地、山地等贫瘠土壤的肥力,促进粮食增产,对保障粮食安全有着重要的意义.综述了肿柄菊有机肥料的研究进展,讨论了研究中存在的问题,并对其前景进行了展望.     

杀线虫剂活性测定线虫死活染色鉴别的研究

线虫的死活鉴别是困难的,在杀线剂活性测定中,我们摸索了几种生物染料对线虫死活的染色,并筛选出曙红和番红花红对线虫死活鉴别效果较好,而且染色剂的浓度、染色时间和温度对染色效果都有一定的影响。     

2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒杀作用

[目的]研究2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对线虫的作用。[方法]采用浸虫、熏蒸及土壤处理等3种方式测定2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒杀作用。[结果]2,4-二叔丁基苯酚能有效杀死秀丽隐杆线虫,其中熏蒸作用较强,且随着温度升高,熏蒸杀线虫活性增强,处理土壤时也能较好杀死线虫。[结论]2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对秀丽隐杆线虫有较好毒杀作用,可作为潜在杀线虫剂进一步研究。     

4种杀线虫剂对南方根结线虫的室内活性测定

通过藏红T染色法,确定线虫染色时间,并测定4种常规药剂对南方根结线虫的室内活性。结果显示,染色1 h后,线虫的染色率达到100%。1.8%阿维菌素EC和40%灭线磷EC对南方根结线虫具有良好的活性,LC_(50)值分别为14.926 3 mg/L和15.306 8 mg/L;40%辛硫磷EC和200 g/L丁硫克百威EC活性较差。     

几种植物粗提物对斜纹夜蛾拒食作用的研究

探讨了苦楝果实(包括果皮、果肉及种核)、芫花及雷公藤根皮乙醇粗提物对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫的拒食活性。试验结果表明:3种植物粗提物在1000mg/L浓度下对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫具有较高的拒食活性。24h选择性拒食率为:苦楝果实乙醇粗提物88 46%、芫花乙醇提物95 62%、雷公藤根皮乙醇粗提物68 26%。24h非选择性拒食率相对下降,分别为:苦楝果实乙醇粗提物61 38%,芫花乙醇粗提物80 26%,雷公藤根皮乙醇粗提物46 47%。     

异甜菊醇药理活性研究进展

异甜菊醇具有广泛的药理活性,在降低血压、抗肿瘤、抗心肌缺血复灌损伤等方面具有重要功效,实验表明其还对受体种子具有萌发作用并且能作为一种新的胰岛素增敏剂用于治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病。因为异甜菊醇本身特有的二萜骨架,它可作为药物合成中常用的活性框架。本文对异甜菊醇结构修饰和改造及药代学活性研究进行了综述。     

异甜菊醇衍生物结构修饰及活性研究

异甜菊醇具有抗高血压、降低血糖、抑制癌细胞等药理作用,对近年来关于异甜菊醇研究的反应类型及生物活性进行了初步的综述。     

两种植物提取物不同比例混合对柑橘全爪螨的毒杀活性

试验测定了使君子Quisquabis indical和巴豆Croton tiglium在碱水溶液中的提取物对柑橘全爪螨的毒杀活性,并且测定了使君子和巴豆不同比例混合物对柑橘全爪螨的毒杀作用和增效作用.测定结果表明使君子和巴豆的碱水提取液在10 mg/L时单独使用对柑橘全爪螨24 h的校正死亡率分别为94.50%、100%,不同比例混合试验显示:对柑橘全爪螨触杀毒性最强的是使君子和巴豆提取物以1:2的比例混合的混合物.其LC50值和LC95值分别为0.8545、2.9500 mg/L,混剂的供毒系数为270.2589.此外当使君子和巴豆的提取物以1:1的比例混合时,其LC50值和LC95值分别为0.8150、3.7843 mg/L,混剂的供毒系数为279.8057,说明使君子和巴豆以1:1到2:1之间的比例混合时有较强的增效作用.     

阿维菌素对南方根结线虫的生物活性

采用直接触杀法测定了阿维菌素对南方根结线虫的杀线活性。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对南方根结线虫具有很强的杀线活性,其LC50为1.48mg/L,而10%噻唑膦GR的LC50为13.90mg/L,表明1.8%阿维菌素EC对南方根结线虫的杀线活性明显高于对照药剂10%噻唑膦GR,具有广阔的应用前景和开发价值。     

几种长白山有毒植物提取的生物碱杀虫活性

不同生物碱处理,对菜青虫的生长发育构成显著影响。延胡索、北乌头生物碱处理可使菜青虫提前化蛹,蛹态畸形;延胡索、北乌头、天南星生物碱处理,48h后菜青虫拒食率在90％以上,延胡索处理拒食率最高为99．87％：对蚜虫杀虫活性较高的处理为北乌头、藜芦生物碱处理,北乌头生物碱处理48h后的校正死亡率高达92．41％。     

飞机草粗提物对棉铃虫的生物活性

报道了飞机草粗提物对棉铃虫幼虫拒食、毒杀的生物活性。试验表明 ,2 0 g/L飞机草粗提物对 3龄棉铃虫幼虫非选择性拒食率较高 (73 81% ) ;2 0、16g/L飞机草粗提物对棉铃虫幼虫的校正死亡率为 6 9 3%和 6 3 6 %。     

小桐子油粕提取物杀虫活性初步研究

采用盆栽喷雾接虫法、药膜法和点滴法对小桐子油粕粗提物的杀虫活性进行了初步研究。结果表明:小桐子石油醚浸膏EC和小桐子乙酸乙酯浸膏EC对小菜蛾3龄幼虫、豆蚜和甘蓝蚜虫均有一定的杀虫活性,其中小桐子乙酸乙酯浸膏EC对甘蓝蚜虫的72 h致死率达83.3%。     

苘麻提取物对南方根结线虫的活性

[方法]为寻找环境友好型杀线虫剂,测定了不同溶剂苘麻提取物对南方根结线虫的生物活性,对甲醇提取物进行生物碱粗分离,并对杀线虫活性强的碱水层进一步用极性从小到大的溶剂萃取,同时进行生物活性检测.[结果]12个萃取组分中氯仿与甲醇体积比为4∶1(A5)和1∶2(A8)两组分具有极强杀线虫活性,干粉质量浓度125g/L时,A5组分48h的线虫校正死亡率达100％,A8组分达932％.[结论]可对A5和A8组分进一步分离纯化和生物活性追踪.     

海南两种江蓠不同提取物的抗菌活性

以4种细菌,大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和4种真菌,白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)、番木瓜炭疽菌(Colletotrichum papayae P.Henn)、芒果炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、芒果蒂腐菌(Dothiorella dominicana)作为供试菌,用圆形纸片法对海南2种江蓠(海南江蓠和细基江蓠)的乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇提取物进行抗菌活性比较研究。结果表明:2种江蓠提取物均具有较为广谱的抗菌能力,且不同提取物的抗菌活性物质、抗菌活性和范围不同,海南江蓠的抗菌效果优于细基江蓠。     

紫花地丁不同方式提取物抑菌效果研究

采用索式提取和微波2种方式分别对紫花地丁进行提取,并运用生长速率法测定了各提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用。实验结果表明:在4.0 g/L时,微波提取物的抑菌活性(最高86.9%)明显高于索式提取物的活性(最高64.7%)。丙酮提取物对棉花枯萎病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌和小麦全蚀病菌的EC50分别是3.04,2.90,2.78 g/L。     

Effects of Manganese on Genomic Integrity in the Multicellular Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans

Although manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, overexposure is associated with Mn-induced toxicity and neurological dysfunction. Even though Mn-induced oxidative stress is discussed extensively, neither the underlying mechanisms of the potential consequences of Mn-induced oxidative stress on DNA damage and DNA repair, nor the possibly resulting toxicity are characterized yet. In this study, we use the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate the mode of action of Mn toxicity, focusing on genomic integrity by means of DNA damage and DNA damage response. Experiments were conducted to analyze Mn bioavailability, lethality, and induction of DNA damage. Different deletion mutant strains were then used to investigate the role of base excision repair (BER) and dePARylation (DNA damage response) proteins in Mn-induced toxicity. The results indicate a dose- and time-dependent uptake of Mn, resulting in increased lethality. Excessive exposure to Mn decreases genomic integrity and activates BER. Altogether, this study characterizes the consequences of Mn exposure on genomic integrity and therefore broadens the molecular understanding of pathways underlying Mn-induced toxicity. Additionally, studying the basal poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) of worms lacking poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) parg-1 or parg-2 (two orthologue of PARG), indicates that parg-1 accounts for most of the glycohydrolase activity in worms.     

Effect of 9,12-Octadecadiynoic Acid on Neurobehavioral Development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Human breast milk lipids have major beneficial effects: they promote infant early brain development, growth and health. To identify the relationship between human breast milk lipids and infant neurodevelopment, multivariate analyses that combined lipidomics and psychological Bayley-III scales evaluation were utilized. We identified that 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid has a significantly positive correlation with infant adaptive behavioral development, which is a crucial neurodevelopment to manage risk from environmental stress. To further clarify the biological function of 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid in regulating neurodevelopment, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model to investigate the effect of 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid on neurobehavioral development. Supplementation with 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid from the L1 to L4 stage in larvae affected locomotive behaviors and foraging ability that were not socially interactive, implying that 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid is involved in regulating the serotonergic neuronal ability. We found that supplementary 0.1 μM 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid accelerated the locomotive ability and foraging ability via increasing the expression of serotonin transporter mod-1. Antioxidant defense genes, sod-1, sod-3 and cyp-35A2 are involved in 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid-induced motor neuronal activity. Nevertheless, supplementary 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid at concentrations above 1 μM significantly attenuated locomotive behaviors, foraging ability, serotonin synthesis, serotonin-related gene expressions and stress-related gene expression, resulting in the decreased longevity of worms in the experiment. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the biological function of 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid in governing adaptive behavioral development.